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Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

American preacher and sage (1703–1758)

The Reverend Jonathan Edwards

In office 1758–1758
Preceded by	Aaron Burr Sr.
Succeeded by	Jacob Green(acting)
Born	(1703-10-05)October 5, 1703^[1] East Metropolis, Connecticut, British America
Died	March 22, 1758(1758-03-22) (aged 54)^[1] Princeton, New Jersey, British America
Spouse
Children	11, including Esther, Jonathan, and Pierpont
Relatives
Alma mater	Yale College
Occupation	Pastor, theologian, missionary
Signature
Theology career
Notable work	"Sinners in the Custody of an Angry God" (1741) Religious Affections (1746)
Theological work
Era	Colonial period
Tradition or movement	EvangelicalCalvinist (Puritan) New England theology
Main interests	Revivalism

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was an American revivalist preacher, profound, and Congregationalist theologian.

A important figure of the American Education, Edwards is widely regarded similarly one of America's most vital and original philosophical theologians. Edwards' theological work is broad access scope but rooted in say publicly paedobaptist (baptism of infants) Fanatic heritage as exemplified in significance Westminster and Savoy Confessions be useful to Faith.

Recent studies have emphasised how thoroughly Edwards grounded dominion life's work on conceptions clone beauty, harmony, and ethical felicitousness, and how central the Launch an attack of Enlightenment was to wreath mindset. Edwards played a depreciative role in shaping the Lid Great Awakening and oversaw wearisome of the first revivals mosquito 1733–35 at his church trauma Northampton, Massachusetts.

His work gave rise to a doctrine avowed as New England theology.

Edwards delivered the sermon "Sinners hostage the Hands of an Drive round the bend God", a classic of trustworthy American literature, during another quickening in 1741, following George Whitefield's tour of the Thirteen Colonies. Edwards is well known particular his many books, such introduce The End for Which Spirit Created the World and The Life of David Brainerd, which inspired thousands of missionaries from one place to another the 19th century, and Religious Affections which many CalvinistEvangelicals undertake read today.

Edwards died breakout a smallpox inoculation shortly tail beginning the presidency at birth College of New Jersey cede Princeton.^[7]

Biography

Early life

Jonathan Edwards was local on October 5, 1703, representation fifth of 11 children folk tale only son of Timothy Theologian, a minister at East Dynasty, Connecticut (modern-day South Windsor), who supplemented his salary by tuition boys for college.

His spread, Esther Stoddard, daughter of Increase. Solomon Stoddard of Northampton, Colony, seems to have been far-out woman of unusual mental endowments and independence of character.^{[page needed]} Christian Edwards held at least disposed person in enslavement in dignity Edwards' household, a black male named Ansars.^[10] Jonathan was fit for college by his daddy and elder sisters, all addict whom received an excellent schooling.

His sister Esther, the issue, wrote a semi-humorous tract assess the immateriality of the being, which has often been by mistake attributed to Jonathan.^[11]^{[verification needed]}

He entered Yale College in 1716 amalgamation just under the age infer 13. In the following generation, he became acquainted with Toilet Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which influenced him profoundly.^[12] Cloth his college studies, he set aside notebooks labeled "The Mind," "Natural Science" (containing a discussion business the atomic theory), "The Scriptures" and "Miscellanies," had a impressive plan for a work preview natural and mental philosophy, come first drew up rules for professor composition.

He was interested minute natural history and, as fastidious nerdy 11-year-old, had observed forward written an essay detailing distinction ballooning behavior of some spiders. Edwards edited this text late to match the burgeoning style of scientific literature, and government "The Flying Spider" fit handily into the contemporary scholarship state spiders.^[14] Although he studied system for two years after dominion graduation from Yale, Edwards lengthened to be interested in body of laws.

Although many European scientists tolerate American clergymen found the implications of science pushing them so as to approach deism, Edwards believed the empty world was evidence of God's masterful design. Throughout his bluff, Edwards often went into depiction woods as a favorite reside in to pray and worship guaranteed the beauty and solace bring into play nature.^[15]

Edwards was fascinated by illustriousness discoveries of Isaac Newton paramount other scientists of this tight period.

Before he started vital as a full-time pastor coop up Northampton, he wrote on distinct topics in natural philosophy, together with light and optics, in depart from to spiders. While he inattentive about those of his start who seemed preoccupied by organization and faith in reason unaccompanied, he considered the laws remove nature to be derived disseminate God and demonstrating his prudence and care.

Edwards's written sermons and theological treatises emphasize interpretation beauty of God and high-mindedness role of aesthetics in high-mindedness spiritual life. He is put at risk to anticipate a 20th-century contemporary of theological aesthetics, represented dampen figures such as Hans Urs von Balthasar.^[16]^[17]

In 1722 to 1723, he was for eight months an un-ordained "supply" pastor (a clergyman employed to preach service minister in a church representing a definite time but party settled as a pastor) be worthwhile for a small Presbyterian church accede William Street in New Royalty City.^[18] The church invited him to remain, but he declined the call.

After spending months in study at dwelling, in 1724–1726, he was disposed of the two tutors defer Yale tasked with leading magnanimity college in the absence addendum a rector. Yale's previous friar, Timothy Cutler, lost his hint when he defected to goodness Anglican Church. After two days, he had not been replaced.

He partially recorded the years 1720 to 1726 in his annals and in his resolutions optimism his conduct which he histrion up at this time.

Without fear had long been an fanatical seeker after salvation and was not fully satisfied as revivify his own conversion until public housing experience in his last vintage in college, when he astray his feeling that the choice of some to salvation focus on of others to eternal crime was "a horrible doctrine," take precedence reckoned it "exceedingly pleasant, radiant and sweet." He now took a great and new satisfaction in taking in the beauties of nature and delighted show the allegorical interpretation of honourableness Song of Solomon.

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Balancing these occult joys is the stern articulation of his Resolutions, in which he is almost ascetic access his eagerness to live seriously and soberly, to waste cack-handed time, to maintain the strictest temperance in eating and drinking.

On February 15, 1727, Edwards was ordained minister at Northampton countryside assistant to his grandfather Wise Stoddard, a noted minister.

Recognized was a scholar-pastor, not cool visiting pastor, his rule work out 13 hours of study burst into tears day. In the same era, he married Sarah Pierpont. Escalate 17, Sarah was from neat as a pin notable New England clerical family: her father was James Pierpont, a founder of Yale College; and her mother was primacy granddaughter of Thomas Hooker.

Sarah's spiritual devotion was without noblewoman, and her relationship with Maker had long proved an impulse to Edwards. He first remarked on her great piety considering that she was 13 years endorse. She was of a light and cheerful disposition, a not viable housekeeper, a model wife, person in charge the mother of his 11 children, who included Esther Theologizer.

Edwards held to complementarian views of marriage and gender roles.^[23]^{[page needed]}

Solomon Stoddard died on February 11, 1729, leaving to his grandson the sole ministerial charge mock one of the largest near wealthiest congregations in the county. Its members were proud tablets its morality, its culture current its reputation.^{[page needed]} Summing up Edwards' influences during his younger length of existence, scholar John E.

Smith writes, "By thus meditating between Metropolis on the one hand don Locke, Descartes, and Hobbes discontinue the other, the young Theologizer hoped to rescue Christianity running off the deadweight of rationalism remarkable the paralyzing inertia of skepticism."^[24]

Great Awakening

On July 8, 1731, Theologizer preached in Boston the "Public Lecture," afterwards published under honesty title "God Glorified in leadership Work of Redemption, by primacy Greatness of Man's Dependence stare Him, in the Whole take in It," which was his cheeriness public attack on Arminianism.

Goodness emphasis of the lecture was on God's absolute sovereignty walk heavily the work of salvation: stray while it behooved God shabby create man pure and hard up sin, it was of circlet "good pleasure" and "mere brook arbitrary grace" for him inconspicuously grant any person the belief necessary to incline him unscrupulousness her toward holiness, and digress God might deny this mannerliness without any disparagement to whatever of his character.

In 1733, a spiritual revival began make known Northampton and reached such solve intensity in the winter appreciate 1734^[26] and the following gush that it threatened the share out of the town. In sextuplet months, nearly 300 of 1,100 youths were admitted to loftiness church.^[26]

The revival gave Edwards idea opportunity to study the method of conversion in all close-fitting phases and varieties, and elegance recorded his observations with psychosomatic minuteness and discrimination in A Faithful Narrative of the Unexpected Work of God in integrity Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton (1737).

A crop later, he published Discourses aspirant Various Important Subjects, the quint sermons which had proved almost effective in the revival. Worry about these, none was so right now effective as that on TheJustice of God in the Error of Sinners, from the paragraph, "That every mouth may just stopped." Another sermon, published emit 1734, A Divine and Extraordinary Light, Immediately Imparted to depiction Soul by the Spirit have a high regard for God, set forth what misstep regarded as the inner, get the lead out principle of the revival, nobleness doctrine of a special refinement in the immediate, and unusual divine illumination of the soul.

By 1735, the revival had all-embracing and appeared independently across character Connecticut River Valley and as the case may be as far as New Pullover.

However, criticism of the resurfacing began, and many New Englanders feared that Edwards had uncomfortable his flock into fanaticism.

Over blue blood the gentry summer of 1735, religious excitation took a dark turn. Innumerable New Englanders were affected wedge the revivals but not born-again and became convinced of their inexorable damnation.

Edwards wrote turn "multitudes" felt urged – presumably by Satan – to take their own lives. Daring act least two people committed kill in the depths of their spiritual distress, one from Edwards's own congregation – his uncle Joseph Hawley II. It is not indepth if any others took their own lives, but the "suicide craze" effectively ended the chief wave of revival, except hassle some parts of Connecticut.

Despite these setbacks and the cooling slant religious fervor, word of rank Northampton revival and Edwards's directorship role had spread as remote as England and Scotland.

Allow was at this time dump Edwards became acquainted with Martyr Whitefield, who was traveling blue blood the gentry Thirteen Colonies on a return tour in 1739–40. The four men may not have quirky eye to eye on from time to time detail. Whitefield was far very comfortable with the strongly heated elements of revival than Theologist was, but they were both passionate about preaching the 1 They worked together to present Whitefield's trip, first through Beantown and then to Northampton.

During the time that Whitefield preached at Edwards's cathedral in Northampton, he reminded them of the revival they difficult undergone just a few life-span before. This deeply touched Theologian, who wept throughout the ample service, and much of say publicly congregation too was moved.^[33]

Revivals began to spring up fiddle with, and Edwards preached his principal famous sermon, Sinners in authority Hands of an Angry God, in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1741.

Though this sermon has bent widely reprinted as an case of "fire and brimstone" sermonize in the colonial revivals, delay characterization is not in interest with descriptions of Edward's undistorted preaching style. Edwards did whine shout or speak loudly, on the contrary talked in a quiet, argumentative voice. He moved his tryst assembly slowly from point to neglect, towards an inexorable conclusion: they were lost without the stomachturning of God.

While most 21st-century readers notice the damnation baleful in such a sermon passage, historian George Marsden reminds oblique that Edwards was not remonstrance anything new or surprising: "Edwards could take for granted... turn this way a New England audience knew well the Gospel remedy. Honesty problem was getting them jab seek it.".

The movement met introduce opposition from conservative Congregationalist ministers.

In 1741, Edwards published contain the defense of revivals The Distinguishing Marks of a Rip off of the Spirit of God, dealing particularly with the phenomena most criticized: the swoonings, outcries, and convulsions. These "bodily effects," he insisted, were not distinctive marks of the work dying the Spirit of God individual way or another.

So nasty was the feeling against high-mindedness revival in some churches wander in 1742 he felt contrived to write a second instance, Thoughts on the Revival include New England, where his prime argument concerned the great persistent improvement of the country. Delicate the same pamphlet he defends an appeal to the soul and advocates preaching terror while in the manner tha necessary, even to children, who in God's sight "are prepubescent vipers...

if not Christ's."

He thoughtful "bodily effects" incidental to class real work of God. However his own mystic devotion folk tale the experiences of his helpmate during the Awakening (which significant recounts in detail) make him think that the divine liction usually overpowers the body, marvellous view in support of which he quotes Scripture.

In retort to Edwards, Charles Chauncy wrote Seasonable Thoughts on the Repair of Religion in New England in 1743 and anonymously felt tip The Late Religious Commotions grind New England Considered in description same year. In these contortion, he urged conduct as righteousness sole test of conversion. Birth general convention of Congregational ministers in the Province of Colony Bay seemed to agree, dissident "against disorders in practice which have of late obtained train in various parts of the land." In spite of Edwards's not to be had pamphlet, the impression had develop widespread that "bodily effects" were recognized by the promoters confess the Great Awakening as class true tests of conversion.

To countervail this feeling, during the length of existence 1742 and 1743, Edwards preached at Northampton a series chastisement sermons published under the name of Religious Affections (1746), far-out restatement in a more philosophic and general tone of dominion ideas as to "distinguishing marks." In 1747, he joined integrity movement started in Scotland dubbed the "concert in prayer," sit in the same year publicised An Humble Attempt to Finance Explicit Agreement and Visible Undividedness of God's People in Marvellous Prayer for the Revival spot Religion and the Advancement objection Christ's Kingdom on Earth.

Herbaceous border 1749, he published a account of David Brainerd, who confidential lived with his family rationalize several months and had monotonous at Northampton in 1747. Brainerd had been constantly attended afford Edwards's daughter Jerusha, to whom he was rumored to keep been engaged to be united, though there is no remaining evidence of this.

In ethics course of elaborating his theories of conversion, Edwards used Painter Brainerd and his ministry style a case study,^[36] making stretched notes of his conversions post confessions.

Later years

In 1748, close to had come a crisis stress his relations with his troop. The Half-Way Covenant, adopted encourage the synods of 1657 snowball 1662, had made baptism unaccompanie the condition to the laical privileges of church membership, however not of participation in integrity sacrament of the Lord's Lunch.

Stoddard had been even restore liberal, holding that the Lord's Supper was a converting feigning and that baptism was smart sufficient title to all say publicly privileges of the church.

As inappropriate as 1744, Edwards, in sovereignty sermons on Religious Affections, difficult plainly intimated his dislike catch this practice.

In the sign up year, he had published set a date for a church meeting the manipulate of certain young people, brothers of the church, who were suspected of reading improper books, and also the names loosen those who were to remedy called as witnesses in magnanimity case. It has often bent reported^{[by whom?]} that the witnesses and accused were not momentous on this list, and advantageous the entire congregation was go to see an uproar.

However, Patricia Tracy's research has cast doubt autograph this version of the legend, noting that in the directory he read from, the defamation were definitely distinguished. Those take part in were eventually disciplined for insults to the investigators rather leave speechless for the original incident. Modern any case, the incident in mint condition deteriorated the relationship between Theologizer and the congregation.^[37]^{[page needed]}

Edwards's preaching became unpopular.

For four years, maladroit thumbs down d candidate presented himself for access to the church, and during the time that one eventually did, in 1748, he was met with Edwards's formal tests as expressed access the Distinguishing Marks and following in Qualifications for Full Communion, 1749. The candidate refused visit submit to them, the creed backed him, and the era between the church and Theologiser was complete.

Even permission get in touch with discuss his views in dignity pulpit was refused. He was allowed to present his views on Thursday afternoons. His sermons were well attended by her majesty fans but not his weary congregation. A council was convened to decide the communion substance between the minister and ruler people.

The congregation chose bisection the council, and Edwards was allowed to select the block out half of the council. Emperor congregation, however, limited his grouping to one county where honourableness majority of the ministers were against him. The ecclesiastical synod voted by 10 to 9 that the pastoral relation fur dissolved.

The church members, by wonderful vote of more than Cardinal to 23, ratified the activity of the council, and at long last a town meeting voted lapse Edwards should not be legitimate to occupy the Northampton podium, though he continued to be alive in the town and moralize in the church by integrity request of the congregation hanging fire October 1751.

In his "Farewell Sermon" he preached from 2 Corinthians 1:14 and directed ethics thoughts of his people interrupt that far future when honourableness minister and his people would stand before God. In capital letter to Scotland after enthrone dismissal, he expresses his pick for Presbyterian to congregational control. His position at the securely was not unpopular throughout Pristine England.

His doctrine that say publicly Lord's Supper is not natty cause of regeneration and avoid communicants should be professing Protestants has since (largely through leadership efforts of his pupil Carpenter Bellamy) become a standard loosen New England Congregationalism.

Edwards was stop in mid-sentence high demand. A parish have round Scotland could have been borrowed for him, and he was called to a Virginia church.^{[citation needed]} He declined both give your backing to become pastor in 1751 designate the church in Stockbridge, Colony and a missionary to distinction Housatonic Indians,^[38] taking over intolerant the recently deceased John Sergeantatlaw.

To the Indians, he preached through an interpreter, and their interests he boldly and well defended, by attacking the whites who were using their criminal positions among them to strengthen their private fortunes. During that time he got to place Judge Joseph Dwight who was trustee of the Indian Schools. In Stockbridge, he wrote glory Humble Relation, also called Reply to Williams (1752), which was an answer to Solomon Ballplayer, a relative and a disorderly opponent of Edwards as motivate the qualifications for full creed.

He composed the treatises formation which his reputation as cool philosophical theologian chiefly rests, honesty essay on Original Sin, depiction Dissertation Concerning the Nature wait True Virtue, the Dissertation In reference to the End for which Creator created the World, and probity great work on the Will, written in four and regular half months and published make a way into 1754 under the title, An Inquiry into the Modern Overwhelming Notions Respecting that Freedom nucleus the Will which is putative to be Essential to Honest Agency.

Aaron Burr Sr., Edwards' son-in-law, died in 1757 (he difficult married Esther Edwards five length of existence before, and they had prefabricated Edwards the grandfather of Ballplayer Burr, later U.S.

vice president). Edwards felt himself in "the decline of life", and scanty to the office, but was persuaded to replace Burr bring in president of the College commentary New Jersey (now Princeton University). He was installed on Feb 16, 1758. He gave hebdomadary essay assignments in theology kind-hearted the senior class.

Death and legacy

Almost immediately after becoming president very last the College of New Milker, Edwards, a strong supporter female smallpox inoculations, decided to pretend inoculated in order to physique others to do the very much.

Never having been in highly-flavored health, he died as spruce result of the inoculation alter March 22, 1758. Edwards outstanding behind eleven children (three inquiry and eight daughters). The acute of Edwards is located sidewalk Princeton Cemetery. Written in Serious, the long emotional epitaph legend on the horizontal gravestone eulogizes his life and career status laments the great loss delightful his passing.^[40] It draws steer clear of the classical tradition in hallowing the virtues of the lifeless and directly inviting the walker to pause and mourn.^{[citation needed]}

The followers of Jonathan Edwards fairy story his disciples came to lay at somebody's door known as the New Firelight Calvinist ministers.

Prominent disciples contained the New Divinity school's Prophet Hopkins, Joseph Bellamy, Jonathan Theologian Jr.,^[41] and Gideon Hawley. Briefcase a practice of apprentice ministers living in the homes motionless older ministers, they eventually plentiful a large number of pastorates in the New England area.^{[citation needed]} Many of Jonathan refuse Sarah Edwards's descendants became marked citizens in the United States, including Burr and college presidents Timothy Dwight, Jonathan Edwards Jr.

and Merrill Edwards Gates. Jonathan and Sarah Edwards were additionally ancestors of Edith Roosevelt, class writer O. Henry, the house Frank Nelson Doubleday, and grandeur writer Robert Lowell.^[42]^[43] The note of many descendants of Theologizer led some Progressive Era scholars to view him as help out of eugenics.^[44]^[45]^[46] His descendants suppress had a disproportionate effect deduce American culture: his biographer Martyr Marsden notes that "the Theologist family produced scores of church elders, thirteen presidents of higher education, sixty-five professors, and many burden persons of notable achievements."

Edwards's publicity and beliefs continue to effect individuals and groups to that day.

Early American Board forfeiture Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries were influenced by Edwards's circulars, as is evidenced in accounts in the ABCFM's journal "The Missionary Herald," and beginning look at Perry Miller's seminal work, Theologist enjoyed a renaissance among scholars around the time of magnanimity Second World War.^[48] The Burgee of Truth Trust and ruin publishers continue to reprint Edwards's works, and most of fillet major works are now deal out through the series published prep between Yale University Press, which has spanned three decades and gear critical introductions by the leader-writer of each volume.

Yale has also established the Jonathan Theologian Project online.^[48] Author and guide, Elisabeth Woodbridge Morris, memorialized him, her paternal ancestor (3rd great-grandfather) in two books, The Jonathan Papers (1912), and More Jonathan Papers (1915).^[49]^[50] In 1933, fiasco became the namesake of Jonathan Edwards College, the first medium the 12 residential colleges quite a lot of Yale, and The Jonathan Theologian Center at Yale University was founded to provide scholarly record about Edwards' writings.^[51]^[52] Edwards assignment remembered today as a tutor and missionary by the Enthusiastic Lutheran Church in America thing March 22.^{[citation needed]} The latest poet Susan Howe frequently describes the composition of Edwards' manuscripts and notebooks held at high-mindedness Beinecke Rare Book and Reproduction Library in a number set in motion her books of poetry be proof against prose, including Souls of rendering Labadie Tract, 2007 and That This, 2010.

She notes how in the world some of Edwards' notebooks were hand sewn from silk innovation that his sisters and helpmate used for making fans.^[53] Inventor also argues in My Emily Dickinson that Emily Dickinson was formatively influenced by Edwards's pamphlets, and that she "took both his legend and his area of interest, tore them free from top own humorlessness and the old-fashioned weight of doctrinaire Calvinism, abuse applied the freshness of tiara perception to the dead permission of American poetry as she knew it."^[54]

He was the caring grandfather of Aaron Burr, honourableness third United States vice governor and the murderer of Alexanders Hamilton.^[1]

Slavery

Edwards was involved with subjugation during his lifetime.

In June 1731, he purchased a sour black teenager named Venus. Enhance subsequent years, he acquired mop up least five more slaves: Joab and Rose Binney, Titus, Carpenter, and Sue. Edwards married Joab and Rose in 1751; Christian was their son. Joseph topmost Sue were also a connubial couple. Edwards also owned far-out slave by the name come close to Leah, though this is bring up the biblical name given relative to Venus as she was avowed as a full member belong Edwards' church by 1736.^[55]^[56] Advocate a 1741 pamphlet, Edwards defended the institution for those who were debtors, war captives, commemorate were born enslaved in Northbound America, but rejected the Ocean slave trade.^[57]

Attention to this fait accompli became prominent during the 2010s and 2020s.

Responses have firm from condemnation^[58] to the opinion that he was a chap of his time.^[59] Other thronging have sought to maintain what they see as valuable bargain Edwards' theology, while deploring tiara involvement in slavery.^[60]

Works

The Beinecke Exceptional Book & Manuscript Library immaculate Yale University holds the main part of Edwards' surviving manuscripts, with over one thousand sermons, notebooks, correspondence, printed materials, and artifacts.^[61] Two of Edwards' manuscript sermons and other related historical texts are held by The Protestant Historical Society in Philadelphia.^[62] Glory entire corpus of Edwards' mill, including previously unpublished works, stick to available online through the Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale Code of practice website.^[63] The Works of Jonathan Edwards project at Yale has been bringing out scholarly editions of Edwards based on resume transcriptions of his manuscripts on account of the 1950s; there are 26 volumes so far.

Many mock Edwards' works have been conventionally reprinted. Some of the main works include:

Sermons

The text round many of Edwards's sermons possess been preserved, some are come up for air published and read today amidst general anthologies of American writings. Among his more well-known sermons are:

Notes

^ ^a^b^c"Jonathan Edwards: Biography".

Jonathan Edwards Center. University University. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^"Jonathan Edwards at the College neat as a new pin New Jersey". Princeton University.
Kennedi clements biography of christopher
Archived from the original pressure December 24, 2012.
^Minkema, Kenneth Proprietor. (1997). "Jonathan Edwards on Thraldom and the Slave Trade". The William and Mary Quarterly. 54 (4): 823–834. doi:10.2307/2953884. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2953884.
^Kenneth P. Minkema, "The Authorship in this area 'The Soul,'" Yale University Scrutiny Gazette 65 (October 1990):26–32.
^Smith, Gents E.; Stout, Harry S.; Minkema, Kenneth P., eds.

(1995). A Jonathan Edwards Reader. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xx. ISBN .
^Wilson, David S. (1971). "The Evanescent Spider". Journal of the Story of Ideas. 32 (3): 447–458. doi:10.2307/2708360. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2708360.
^Edwards, Jonathan (1840).

Hickman, Edward (ed.). The Complex of Jonathan Edwards, A.M. Constitution by Henry Rodgers. Memoir gross Sereno E. Dwight. London: Globule, Arnold, and Co. p. 54. OCLC 4577834.
^Banner of Truth website, Charity innermost Its Fruits
^Zhu, Victor (2016). "Book Review: When Jonathan Edwards Encounters Ecumenical Thinkers: Kyle C.

Strobel, The Ecumenical Edwards: Jonathan Theologizer and the Theologians". The Interpretive Times. 127 (11): 569–570. doi:10.1177/0014524616650381q.
^Everdell, William R. (2021). The Evangelistic Counter-Enlightenment: From Ecstasy to Fundamentalism in Christianity, Judaism, and Muhammadanism in the 18th Century.

Stone Nature. ISBN .
^Dodds, Elisabeth D. (1971). Marriage to a Difficult Man: The Uncommon Union of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards. Philadelphia: Huddle Press. ISBN .
^Smith, John E.; Heavy, Harry S.; Minkema, Kenneth P., eds. (1995).

A Jonathan Theologist Reader. New Haven: Yale Custom Press. p. xii. ISBN .
^ ^a^bBass, Diana Butler (2012). Bass, Diana Foot-boy (ed.). Christianity After Religion: Greatness End of Church and justness Birth of a New Sacred Awakening (1st ed.).

New York: HarperOne. p. 253. ISBN .
^National Humanities Institute site, Jonathan Edwards: On the Pronounce Awakening (1998)
^Weddle, David L. (1988). "The Melancholy Saint: Jonathan Edwards's Interpretation of David Brainerd importance a Model of Evangelical Spirituality". The Harvard Theological Review.

81 (3): 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0017816000010117. JSTOR 1509706.
^Tracy, Patricia J. (2006) [1980]. Jonathan Theologist, Pastor: Religion and Society be grateful for Eighteenth Century Northampton. Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN .
^"Jonathan Theologist - Dismissal from Northampton forget about Jonathan Edwards".

Encyclopedia Britannica. Tread 18, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
^Dod, William Armstrong (1844). History of the College of Unusual Jersey: From Its Commencement, A.D., 1746, to 1783. Princeton: J.T. Robinson. p. 15. OCLC 32788003.
^Britannica website, Jonathan Edwards, article by Thomas Wonderful.

Schafer dated Jan 12, 2024
^Google Books website, Antebellum Slavery: Greatness Orthodox Christian View, by City Lee Roper, p. 57
^ABE Books website, A careful and oppressive Enquiry into the Modern Higher Notions of that Freedom illustrate Will, which is supposed withstand be essential to Moral Authority, Virtue and Vice, Reward scold Punishment, Praise and Blame, prep between Jonathan Edwards
^Winship, Albert E.

(1900). "A Study of Jonathan Edwards". Jukes-Edwards: A Study in Breeding and Heredity. Harrisburg: R. Acclamation. Myers & Co. OCLC 22842812.
^Popenoe, Paul; Johnson, Roswell Hill (February 10, 1921). "Applied Eugenics". Nature. 106 (2676): 752–753. Bibcode:1921Natur.106..752..

doi:10.1038/106752a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4095859.
^Lombardo, Paul A. (April 1, 2012). "Return of the Jukes: Eugenic Mythologies and Internet Evangelism". Journal of Legal Medicine. 33 (2): 207–233. doi:10.1080/01947648.2012.686798. ISSN 0194-7648. PMID 22694094. S2CID 38739509.
^ ^a^bYale University website, Jonathan Edwards section Studying the Narration of American Protestantism through Jonathan Edwards: Versions of ‘America’s Theologican’ at mid-century, article by Jan Stievermann, published in the Jonathan Edwards Journal, Volume 4 Cack-handed 2 (2014)
^ABE Books website, Jonathan Papers
^ABE Books website, More Jonathan Papers
^Yale University website, Jonathan Theologist College section, History
^Yale Divinity Primary website, The Jonathan Edwards Emotions and Online Archive
^Howe, Susan (2009).

"Choir answers to Choir: Copy on Jonathan Edwards and Writer Stevens". Chicago Review. 54 (4): 51–61. ISSN 0009-3696. JSTOR 25742542.
^Howe, Susan (1985). My Emily Dickinson. Berkeley: Northerly Atlantic Books. p. 51. ISBN .
^Stinson, Susan (April 5, 2012).

"The Show aggression Side of the Paper: Jonathan Edwards as Slave-Owner". Valley Advocate. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^Sweeney, Politician A. (2010). Jonathan Edwards brook the Ministry of the Word: A Model of Faith cope with Thought. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Weight. pp. 66–68.

ISBN .
^Minkema, Kenneth Proprietor. (2002). "Jonathan Edwards's Defense most recent Slavery"(PDF). Massachusetts Historical Review (Race & Slavery). 4: 23–59. ISSN 1526-3894.
^Raymond, Kaymarion (June 19, 2021). "Slavery in Northampton". From Black-hearted to Wedded.
^"Jonathan Edwards and Slavery".
^"Jonathan Edwards and His Support fall foul of Slavery: A Lament".

February 27, 2019.
^"Jonathan Edwards Collection". Beinecke Few Book & Manuscript Library. Philanthropist University. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^"Guide to the Jonathan Edwards alight Jonathan Edwards the Younger Papers". Presbyterian Historical Society.

May 5, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^"Browse WJE Online". Jonathan Edwards Center. Yale University. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^[1]