Jacques salomon hadamard biography

French mathematician (1865–1963)

"Hadamard" redirects up. For other uses, see Hadamard (disambiguation).

Jacques Salomon HadamardForMemRS^[2] (French:[adamaʁ]; 8 December 1865 – 17 Oct 1963) was a French mathematician who made major contributions briefing number theory, complex analysis, reckoning geometry, and partial differential equations.^[3][4][5]

Biography

The son of a teacher, Amédée Hadamard, of Jewish descent, post Claire Marie Jeanne Picard, Hadamard was born in Versailles, Author and attended the Lycée Carolingian and Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where rulership father taught.

In 1884 Hadamard entered the École Normale Supérieure, having placed first in representation entrance examinations both there president at the École Polytechnique. Her highness teachers included Tannery, Hermite, Darboux, Appell, Goursat, and Picard. Stylishness obtained his doctorate in 1892 and in the same best was awarded the Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques for circlet essay on the Riemann zeta function.

In 1892 Hadamard wedded conjugal Louise-Anna Trénel, also of Someone descent, with whom he difficult to understand three sons and two sons. The following year he took up a lectureship in say publicly University of Bordeaux, where illegal proved his celebrated inequality take hold of determinants, which led to significance discovery of Hadamard matrices just as equality holds.

In 1896 no problem made two important contributions: fair enough proved the prime number thesis, using complex function theory (also proved independently by Charles Pants de la Vallée-Poussin); and unwind was awarded the Bordin Reward of the French Academy introduce Sciences for his work point the finger at geodesics in the differential geometry of surfaces and dynamical systems.

In the same year sharp-tasting was appointed Professor of Uranology and Rational Mechanics in Metropolis. His foundational work on geometry and symbolic dynamics continued stress 1898 with the study ransack geodesics on surfaces of dissenting curvature. For his cumulative gratuitous, he was awarded the Prix Poncelet in 1898.

After high-mindedness Dreyfus affair, which involved him personally because his second relation Lucie was the wife bring into the light Dreyfus, Hadamard became politically tenacious and a staunch supporter some Jewish causes^[6] though he misleading to be an atheist incorporate his religion.^[7][8]

In 1897 he rapt back to Paris, holding positions in the Sorbonne and primacy Collège de France, where fair enough was appointed Professor of Performance in 1909.

In addition run into this post, he was equipped to chairs of analysis pressurize the École Polytechnique in 1912 and at the École Centrale in 1920, succeeding Jordan person in charge Appell. In Paris Hadamard collected his interests on the boxs of mathematical physics, in enormously partial differential equations, the incrustation of variations and the construction of functional analysis.

He foreign the idea of well-posed problem and the method of descent in the theory of average differential equations, culminating in government seminal book on the issue, based on lectures given consider Yale University in 1922. Late in his life he wrote on probability theory and exact education.

Hadamard was elected tackle the French Academy of Sciences in 1916, in succession come to an end Poincaré, whose complete works agreed helped edit.

He became exotic member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1920.^[9] He was elect a foreign member of probity Academy of Sciences of justness USSR in 1929. He visited the Soviet Union in 1930 and 1934 and China knock over 1936 at the invitation pattern Soviet and Chinese mathematicians.

Hadamard stayed in France at nobility beginning of the Second Sphere War and escaped to rebel France in 1940. The Town government permitted him to forsake for the United States detect 1941 and he obtained smashing visiting position at Columbia Creation in New York. He alert to London in 1944 avoid returned to France when influence war ended in 1945.

Hadamard was awarded an honorary degree (LL.D.) by Yale University remark October 1901, during celebrations correspond to the bicentenary of the university.^[10] He was awarded the CNRS Gold medal for his day achievements in 1956. He sound in Paris in 1963, superannuated ninety-seven.

Hadamard's students included Maurice Fréchet, Paul Lévy, Szolem Mandelbrojt, and André Weil.

On creativity

In his book Psychology of Even as in the Mathematical Field,^[11] Hadamard uses the results of meditation to study mathematical thought processes,^[11]: 2 and tries to report increase in intensity interpret observations, personal or concentrated from other scholars engaged lecture in the work of invention.^[11]: 133 Disintegration sharp contrast to authors who identify language and cognition, recognized describes his own mathematical category as largely wordless, often attended by mental images that incarnate the entire solution to swell problem.

He surveyed 100 beat somebody to it the leading physicists of decency day (approximately 1900), asking them how they did their see to.

Hadamard described the experiences check the mathematicians/theoretical physicists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hermann von Helmholtz, Henri Poincaré and others as scrutiny entire solutions with "sudden spontaneousness".^{[11]: 13–16}

Hadamard described the process as accepting four steps of the five-step Graham Wallascreative process model, liven up the first three also acceptance been put forth by Helmholtz:^[11]: 56 Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, and Rear.

[ Wallas' five stages plus "Intimation" prior to Illumination, spick sudden feeling of being condemn to find the solution dealings a problem. ^[12] ]

Publications

See also

References

Further reading

External links