William pitt the younger biography of rory

British prime see to (1759–1806)

William Pitt (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British statesman who served as the last prime vicar of Great Britain from 1783 until the Acts of Uniting 1800, and then first quality minister of the United Field from January 1801.

He keep steady office in March 1801, however served as prime minister turn back from 1804 until his infect in 1806. He was as well Chancellor of the Exchequer look after all of his time monkey prime minister. He is notable as "Pitt the Younger" outlook distinguish him from his churchman, William Pitt the Elder, who had also previously served thanks to prime minister.

Pitt's prime priestly tenure, which came during leadership reign of King George Triad, was dominated by major bureaucratic events in Europe, including decency French Revolution and the Emperor Wars. Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory, most modern "new Tory", called himself type "independent Whig" and was usually opposed to the development endorse a strict partisan political method.

Pitt was regarded as unsullied outstanding administrator who worked take efficiency and reform, bringing show a new generation of familiar administrators. He increased taxes manage pay for the great enmity against France and cracked upset on radicalism. To counter blue blood the gentry threat of Irish support schedule France, he engineered the Know-how of Union 1800 and proven (but failed) to secure Huge emancipation as part of probity Union.

He created the "new Toryism", which revived the Orthodox Party and enabled it abut stay in power for decency next quarter-century.

The historian Asa Briggs argues that his temperament did not endear itself make ill the British mind, for Solon was too solitary and else colourless, and too often exuded an attitude of superiority. Cap greatness came in the battle with France.

Pitt reacted manage become what Lord Minto commanded "the Atlas of our treacherous globe". William Wilberforce said, "For personal purity, disinterestedness and prize of this country, I own never known his equal." Recorder Charles Petrie concludes that inaccuracy was one of the top prime ministers "if on pollex all thumbs butte other ground than that illegal enabled the country to revolve from the old order provision the new without any brutal upheaval ...

He understood the modern Britain."^[2] For this he commission ranked highly amongst all Brits prime ministers in multiple surveys.

Pitt served as prime minister cheerfulness a total of eighteen majority, 343 days, making him interpretation second-longest-serving British prime minister sign over all time, after Robert Statesman.

At age 24, Pitt practical the youngest prime minister mould British history and is primacy youngest ever person to regard the position of prime revivalist in world history.^[5][6][7]

Early life

Family

See also: Pitt family

William Pitt, the specially son of William Pitt, Ordinal Earl of Chatham, was local on 28 May 1759 comatose Hayes Place in the rural community of Hayes, Kent.

He was from a political family grandeur both sides, as his surround, Hester Grenville, was sister use up former prime minister George Grenville. According to biographer John Ehrman, Pitt exhibited the brilliance mushroom dynamism of his father's grouping, and the determined, methodical supply of the Grenvilles.

Education

Suffering from incidental poor health as a fellow, he was educated at hint by the Reverend Edward Writer.

An intelligent child, Pitt gaudy became proficient in Latin spell Greek. He was admitted make a distinction Pembroke College, Cambridge, on 26 April 1773,^[11] a month beforehand turning fourteen, going up outline Cambridge in October 1773. Unquestionable studied political philosophy, classics, sums, trigonometry, chemistry and history.^[13] Go off Cambridge, Pitt was tutored building block George Pretyman, who became dialect trig close personal friend and looked after Pitt whilst at University.^[14] Pitt later appointed Pretyman Priest of Lincoln, then Winchester, tolerate drew upon his advice from the beginning to the end of his political career.^[15] While slate Cambridge, he befriended the grassy William Wilberforce, who became orderly lifelong friend and political set in Parliament.^[16] Pitt tended prefer socialise only with fellow lesson and others already known condemnation him, rarely venturing outside glory university grounds.

Yet he was described as charming and midstream. According to Wilberforce, Pitt difficult to understand an exceptional wit along form a junction with an endearingly gentle sense endowment humour: "no man ... at any point indulged more freely or by choice in that playful facetiousness which gratifies all without wounding any." An example of Pitt's simple wit was recorded by Sir John Sinclair.

In the at years' of Pitt's ministry down was great interest in probity new young First minister. Writer was required to write highrise account of Pitt to emission foreign curiosity when he was abroad. At the end confront a long description of Britain's eminent leader he added: ‘Of all the places where sell something to someone have been, where did ready to react fare best?’ My answer was, ‘In Poland; for the influence live there with uncommon smell and splendour; their cooks ding-dong French,- their confectioners Italian, - and their wine Tokey.’ Grace immediately observed, ‘I have heard before of The Polish diet.’^[18]

In 1776, Pitt, plagued by sappy health, took advantage of trig little-used privilege available only scolding the sons of noblemen, gain chose to graduate without taking accedence to pass examinations.

Pitt's churchman was said to have insisted that his son spontaneously rewrite passages of classical literature verbally into English, and declaim makeshift upon unfamiliar topics in stop up effort to develop his magniloquent skills. Pitt's father, who locked away by then been raised brand the peerage as Earl lay out Chatham, died in 1778. Hoot the younger son, Pitt old-fashioned only a small inheritance.In significance months following the death exert a pull on the Earl of Chatham, Dramatist was forced to defend surmount father's reputation.

This came slow when the Bute family beholden claims that the late Potentate had sought out the Aristocrat of Bute with the fancy to form a political union. Pitt although just over xix years of age publicly argued that this was not position case. Faced with Pitt's hypothesis the Bute family backed avert and ceased making their claims.

^[20] He acquired his lawful education at Lincoln's Inn meticulous was called to the carry in the summer of 1780.

Early political career (1780–1783)

Member of Parliament

During the general elections of Sep 1780, at the age pick up the tab 21, Pitt contested the Hospital of Cambridge seat, but mislaid, coming bottom of the figures of the five candidates.^[22][23] Dramatist had campaigned on his inclined to forget merit, not as part have a high regard for any group or with attention-grabbing backers.

He explained to unmixed friend that 'I do watchword a long way wish to be thought inlisted [sic] in any party exalt to call myself anything on the contrary the Independent Whig, which reconcile words is hardly a degree, as every one alike pretends to it.'^[24] intent on entry Parliament, Pitt secured the gamp aegis of James Lowther, later Ordinal Earl Lowther, with the revealing of his university friend, Physicist Manners, 4th Duke of Town.

Lowther effectively controlled the receptacle borough of Appleby; a bye-election in that constituency sent Playwright to the House of Food in January 1781.^[25] Pitt's document into parliament is somewhat wry as he later railed overwhelm the very same pocket person in charge rotten boroughs that had predisposed him his seat.

In Parliament, decency youthful Pitt cast aside coronate tendency to be withdrawn assume public, emerging as a distinguished debater right from his virgin speech.

Pitt's first speech obligated a dramatic impression. Sir Ablutions Sinclair, member of Parliament on the road to Lostwithiel, thought that Pitt's chief speech was never surpassed suggest ‘rarely equalled by any crafty delivered in that assembly.’ Like that which Pitt resumed his seat care finishing speaking there was tumultuous applause. Sinclair noted that nearby was ‘utter astonishment … close to an audience accustomed to class most splendid efforts of eloquence.’^[28] Pitt originally aligned himself arrange a deal prominent Whigs such as Physicist James Fox.

With the Whigs, Pitt denounced the continuation shop the American War of Self-determination, as his father strongly abstruse. Instead he proposed that character prime minister, Lord North, assemble peace with the rebellious Inhabitant colonies. Pitt also supported congressional reform measures, including a proposition that would have checked electoral corruption.

He renewed his amity with William Wilberforce, now Beat for Hull, with whom sand frequently met in the congregation of the House of Commons.

Chancellorship

After Lord North's ministry collapsed security 1782, the Whig Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, was appointed prime minister.

Pitt was offered the minor post work out Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, but sharptasting refused, considering the post improperly subordinate. Lord Rockingham died exclusive three months after coming constitute power; he was succeeded unreceptive another Whig, William Petty, Ordinal Earl of Shelburne. Many Whigs who had formed a high point of the Rockingham ministry, as well as Fox, now refused to keep hold of under Lord Shelburne, the spanking prime minister.

Pitt, however, was comfortable with Shelburne, and wise joined his government; he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Fox, who became Pitt's lifelong factional rival, then joined a unification with Lord North, with whom he collaborated to bring matter the defeat of the Shelburne administration. When Lord Shelburne enduring in 1783, King George Trio, who despised Fox, offered sort out appoint Pitt to the make public of prime minister.

But Statesman wisely declined, for he knew he would be incapable give an account of securing the support of position House of Commons. The Fox–North coalition rose to power hut a government nominally headed building block William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke model Portland.

Pitt, who had been straightforward of his post as Chief of the Exchequer, joined glory Opposition.

He raised the riding on it of parliamentary reform in button to strain the uneasy Fox–North coalition, which included both illustrious and detractors of reform. Let go did not advocate an increase of the electoral franchise, on the other hand he did seek to talk bribery and rotten boroughs. Although his proposal failed, many reformers in Parliament came to attraction him as their leader, in preference to of Charles James Fox.

Effects of the American War enjoy Independence

Losing the war and significance Thirteen Colonies was a surprise to the British system. Distinction war revealed the limitations be more or less Britain's fiscal-military state when kosher had powerful enemies and negation allies, depended on extended take up vulnerable transatlantic lines of indication, and was faced for rectitude first time since the Seventeenth century by both Protestant have a word with Catholic foes.

The defeat uplifted dissension and escalated political contraposition to the king's ministers. Sentiment parliament, the primary concern denatured from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues some representation, parliamentary reform, and control retrenchment. Reformers sought to rout what they saw as extensive institutional corruption.

The result was a crisis from 1776 confront 1783. The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate, stretch the British economy boomed fitting to the return of Denizen business. That crisis ended necessitate 1784 as a result bring into play the king's shrewdness in outwitting Fox^{[further explanation needed]} and modern confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of Statesman.

Historians conclude that the reverse of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with rectitude French Revolution with more constancy and organisation than would ad if not have been the case.^{[page needed]} Kingdom turned towards Asia, the Restful, and later Africa with significant exploration leading to the issue of the Second British Empire.

First Premiership (1783–1801)

Rise to power

Further information: First Pitt ministry

The Fox–North Combination fell in December 1783, associate Fox had introduced Edmund Burke's bill to reform the Adjust India Company to gain leadership patronage he so greatly needed while the king refused face support him.

Fox stated authority bill was necessary to select the company from bankruptcy. Solon responded that: "Necessity is goodness plea for every infringement lay into human freedom. It is illustriousness argument of tyrants; it survey the creed of slaves." Rectitude king was opposed to position bill; when it passed draw the House of Commons, significant secured its defeat in class House of Lords by worrying to regard anyone who preferential for it as his antagonistic.

Following the bill's failure comport yourself the Upper House, George Leash dismissed the coalition government soar finally entrusted the premiership restrain William Pitt, after having offered the position to him iii times previously.

Appointment

A constitutional crisis arose when the king dismissed high-mindedness Fox–North coalition government and dubbed Pitt to replace it.

Notwithstanding that faced with a hostile huddle in Parliament, Pitt was powerless to solidify his position also gaol a few months. Some historians argue that his success was inevitable given the decisive market price of monarchical power; others dispute that the king gambled maintain Pitt and that both would have failed but for orderly run of good fortune.^[36]

Pitt, predicament the age of 24, became Great Britain's youngest prime preacher ever.

The contemporary satire The Rolliad ridiculed him for crown youth:

Above the rest, majestically great,
Behold the infant Atlas lecture the state,
The matchless piece of good fortune of modern days,
In whom Britannia to the world displays
A sight to make nearby nations stare;
A kingdom confidential to a school-boy's care.

Many saw Pitt as a stop-gap appointment until some more superior statesman took on the conduct yourself. However, although it was by many predicted that the new "mince-pie administration" would not outlast loftiness Christmas season,^[38] it survived apply for seventeen years.

So as to moderate the power of the Opponent, Pitt offered Charles James Slick operator and his allies posts interpose the Cabinet; Pitt's refusal build up include Lord North, however, disappointed his efforts.

The new authority was immediately on the protective and in January 1784 was defeated on a motion have available no confidence. Pitt, however, took the unprecedented step of negative to resign, despite this surprise victory. He retained the support abide by the king, who would entrust the reins of crush to the Fox–North Coalition.

Good taste also received the support pointer the House of Lords, which passed supportive motions, and myriad messages of support from rendering country at large, in magnanimity form of petitions approving befit his appointment which influenced depleted Members to switch their build to Pitt. At the different time, he was granted decency Freedom of the City wait London.

When he returned let alone the ceremony to mark that, men of the City pulled Pitt's coach home themselves, hoot a sign of respect. Just as passing a Whig club, depiction coach came under attack cheat a group of men who tried to assault Pitt. Like that which news of this spread, inflame was assumed Fox and enthrone associates had tried to bring about down Pitt by any means.

Electoral victory

Pitt gained great popularity succeed the public at large chimp "Honest Billy" who was restricted to as a refreshing change use the dishonesty, corruption and failure of principles widely associated warmth both Fox and North.

Regardless of a series of defeats entice the House of Commons, Playwright defiantly remained in office, obeying the Coalition's majority shrink importance some Members of Parliament incomplete the Opposition to abstain.

In Tread 1784, Parliament was dissolved, celebrated a general election ensued. Small electoral defeat for the make was out of the methodically because Pitt enjoyed the establish of King George III.

Boosting and bribes paid by authority Treasury were normally expected be against be enough to secure magnanimity government a comfortable majority prickly the House of Commons, however on this occasion, the pronounce reaped much popular support tempt well. In most popular constituencies, the election was fought betwixt candidates clearly representing either Solon or Fox and North.

Entirely returns showed a massive fro to Pitt with the elucidation that many Opposition Members who still had not faced purpose either defected, stood down, bring down made deals with their opponents to avoid expensive defeats.

A strange exception came in Fox's open constituency of Westminster, which independent one of the largest electorates in the country.

In organized contest estimated to have figure a quarter of the spot on spending in the entire territory, Fox bitterly fought against couple Pittite candidates to secure freshen of the two seats funding the constituency. Great legal wranglings ensued, including the examination have every single vote cast, which dragged on for more outweigh a year.

Meanwhile, Fox sat for the Scottish pocket municipality of Tain Burghs. Many proverb the dragging out of significance result as being unduly vengeful on the part of Playwright and eventually the examinations were abandoned with Fox declared select. Elsewhere, Pitt won a outoftheway triumph when he was pick a Member for the Campus of Cambridge, a constituency put your feet up had long coveted and which he would continue to exemplify for the remainder of culminate life.

Pitt's new constituency right him perfectly as he was able to act independently. Sir James Lowther's pocket borough stand for Appleby, which had been Pitt's previous constituency, had strings dutiful. Now Pitt could really fleece the 'independent Whig' he single-minded as. ^[43]

First government

Further information: Eminent Pitt ministry

In domestic politics, Solon concerned himself with the fabricate of parliamentary reform.

In 1785, he introduced a bill give your approval to remove the representation of xxxvi rotten boroughs, and to expire, in a small way, ethics electoral franchise to more community. Pitt's support for the reward, however, was not strong ample to prevent its defeat satisfy the House of Commons. Significance bill of 1785 was rectitude last parliamentary reform proposal exotic by Pitt to British legislators.

Colonial reform

His administration secure, Statesman could begin to enact consummate agenda. His first major copy of legislation as prime parson was the India Act 1784, which re-organised the British Eastbound India Company and kept straighten up watch over corruption. The Bharat Act created a new Table of Control to oversee primacy affairs of the East Bharat Company.

It differed from Fox's failed India Bill 1783 tube specified that the board would be appointed by the acclimatization. Pitt was appointed, along enter Lord Sydney, who was equipped president. The act centralised Island rule in India by dipping the power of the governors of Bombay and Madras survive by increasing that of Governor-GeneralCharles Cornwallis.

Further augmentations and clarifications of the governor-general's authority were made in 1786, presumably strong Lord Sydney, and presumably since a result of the company's setting up of Penang approximate their own superintendent (governor), Officer Francis Light, in 1786.

Convicts were originally transported to distinction Thirteen Colonies in North U.s.a., but after the American Clash of Independence ended in 1783, the newly formed United States refused to accept further convicts.^[47] Pitt's government took the determination to settle what is important Australia and found the disciplinary colony in August 1786.

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Leadership First Fleet of 11 flotilla carried over a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts. The Body of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Character Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney.^[48]

Finances

Another important domestic emanation with which Pitt had interrupt concern himself was the municipal debt, which had doubled strengthen £243 million during the Inhabitant war.^[a] Every year, a ordinal of the budget of £24 million went to pay occupational.

Pitt sought to reduce birth national debt by imposing contemporary taxes. In 1786, he instituted a sinking fund so consider it £1 million a year was added to a fund fair that it could accumulate interest; eventually, the money in birth fund was to be scruffy to pay off the genetic debt. Pitt had learned ticking off the idea of the 'Sinking Fund' from his father curb 1772.

Earl Chatham had antiquated informed of the Welshman, Sir Richard Price's idea, Pitt adjust of the idea and adoptive it when he was value office.^[49] By 1792, the accountability had fallen to £170 million.^[b]

Pitt always paid careful attention come into contact with financial issues. A fifth relief Britain's imports were smuggled sound without paying taxes.

He grateful it easier for honest merchants to import goods by dishonourable tariffs on easily smuggled fact such as tea, wine, on cloud nine, and tobacco. This policy marvellous customs revenues by nearly £2 million a year.^[51][52][c]

In 1797, Solon was forced to protect authority kingdom's gold reserves by control individuals from exchanging banknotes receive gold.

Great Britain would last to use paper money to about over two decades. Pitt likewise introduced Great Britain's first-ever resources tax. The new tax helped offset losses in indirect stretch revenue, which had been caused by a decline in trade.^[53] Pitt's two policies of suspending cash payments and introducing Money Tax were later cited infant the French Minister of Economics as being 'genius'.

As they had stopped the French circumvent destroying Britain's economy.

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^[54]

Foreign affairs

Pitt sought European alliances to restrict French influence, organization the Triple Alliance with Preussen and Holland in 1788.^[55] Extensive the Nootka Sound Controversy put in the bank 1790, Pitt took advantage make out the alliance to force Espana to give up its speak to exclusive control over decency western coast of North opinion South America.

The Alliance, even, failed to produce any harass important benefits for Great Britain.

Pitt was alarmed at Russian improvement in the 1780s at righteousness expense of the Ottoman Empire.^[57] The relations between Russia folk tale Britain were disturbed during rendering Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 saturate Pitt's subscription to the standpoint of the Prussian government wander the Triple Alliance could with impunity allow the excess of power in Eastern Assemblage to be disturbed.

In calmness talks with the Ottomans, Empire refused to return the characterless Ochakov fortress. Pitt wanted entertain threaten military retaliation. However Russia's ambassador Semyon Vorontsov organised Pitt's enemies and launched a leak out opinion campaign. Pitt had be seemly alarmed at the opposition picture his Russian policy in mother of parliaments, Burke and Fox both uttering powerful speeches against the renascence of Ochakov to the Turks.

Pitt won the vote inexpressive narrowly that he gave inhibit. The outbreak of the Sculptor Revolution and its attendant wars temporarily united Britain and Land in an ideological alliance disagree with French republicanism.

The king's condition

In 1788, Pitt faced a vital crisis when the king tegument casing victim to a mysterious illness,^[d] a form of mental wire that incapacitated him.

If high-mindedness sovereign was incapable of beneficial his constitutional duties, Parliament would need to appoint a trustee to rule in his get into formation. All factions agreed that honourableness only viable candidate was ethics king's eldest son and beneficiary apparent, George, Prince of Principality.

The Prince, however, was dialect trig supporter of Charles James Witch. Had the Prince come communication power, he would almost certainly have dismissed Pitt. He blunt not have such an amount, however, as Parliament spent months debating legal technicalities relating acknowledge the regency. Fortunately for Solon, the king recovered in Feb 1789, just after a Rule Bill had been introduced concentrate on passed in the House bear out Commons.^[60]

The general elections of 1790 resulted in a majority unmixed the government, and Pitt protracted as prime minister.

In 1791, he proceeded to address skirt of the problems facing nobleness growing British Empire: the cutting edge of British Canada. By nobleness Constitutional Act of 1791, high-mindedness province of Quebec was separated into two separate provinces: interpretation predominantly French Lower Canada swallow the predominantly English Upper Canada.

In August 1792, coincident become conscious the capture of Louis Cardinal by the French revolutionaries, Martyr III appointed Pitt as Sovereign Warden of the Cinque Ports, a position whose incumbent was responsible for the coastal defences of the realm. The tool had in 1791 offered him a Knighthood of the Award, but he suggested the nickname go to his elder monastic, the second Earl of Chatham.

French Revolution

Main article: French Revolutionary Wars

An early favourable response to interpretation French Revolution encouraged many birdcage Great Britain to reopen position issue of parliamentary reform, which had been dormant since Pitt's reform bill was defeated wrench 1785.

The reformers, however, were quickly labelled as radicals weather associates of the French buried. Pitt, due to economic rationale, wanted to remain aloof dismiss War with France. However, that option was taken away spread him by an ultimatum escape King George III. Pitt could either resign or go face war. Committed to making Kingdom financially stable Pitt agreed, notwithstanding that very reluctantly, to go criticism war against the French Hidden.

Though France's declaration of belligerency against Britain meant that Kingdom was forced into war. ^[62] Subsequently, in 1794, Pitt's control tried three of them accommodate treason but lost. Parliament began to enact repressive legislation unfailingly order to silence the reformers. Individuals who published seditious theme were punished, and, in 1794, the writ of habeas principal was suspended.

Other repressive grooming included the Seditious Meetings Feign 1795, which restricted the exceptional of individuals to assemble in the open, and the Combination Acts, which restricted the formation of societies or organisations that favoured governmental reforms. Problems manning the Be in touch Navy also led to Dramatist to introduce the Quota Pathway in 1795 in addition stop the existing system of impressment.

The war with France was very expensive, straining Great Britain's funds.

Unlike in the latter reasoning of the Napoleonic Wars, ignore this point Britain had unique a very small standing blue, and thus contributed to decency war effort mainly through ocean power and by supplying corroborate to other coalition members challenge France.

Ideological struggle

Throughout the 1790s, the war against France was presented as an ideological distort between French republicanism vs.

Island monarchism with the British command seeking to mobilise public dissent in support of the clash. The Pitt government waged clean up vigorous propaganda campaign contrasting rendering ordered society of Britain submissive by the aristocracy and rank gentry vs. the "anarchy" search out the French revolution and universally sought to associate British "radicals" with the revolution in Author.

Some of the writers rendering British government subsidized (often do too much Secret Service funds) included Edmund Burke, William Cobbett, William Playfair, John Reeves, and Samuel Writer (the last through the annuity granted him in 1762).^[65][66]

Though goodness Pitt government did drastically abbreviate civil liberties and created unblended nationwide spy network with alien people being encouraged to implicate any "radicals" that might do an impression of in their midst, the recorder Eric J.

Evans argued ethics picture of Pitt's "reign be taken in by terror" as portrayed by birth Marxist historian E.P. Thompson wreckage incorrect, stating there is yet evidence of a "popular reactionary movement" that rallied in guard of King and Country. Archeologist wrote that there were pounce on 200 prosecutions of "radicals" implicated of sympathy with the Gallic revolution in British courts effect the 1790s, which was yet less than the prosecutions beat somebody to it suspected Jacobites after the rebellions of 1715 and 1745.

However, righteousness spy network maintained by magnanimity government was efficient.

In Jane Austen's novel Northanger Abbey, which was written in the 1790s, but not published until 1817, one of the characters remarks that it is not conceivable for a family to deduct secrets in these modern time when spies for the deliver a verdict were lurking everywhere. This exposition captures well the tense, paranoiac atmosphere of the 1790s, just as people were being encouraged commerce report "radicals" to the authorities.

Haiti

In 1793, Pitt decided to call advantage of the Haitian Turn to seize St.

Domingue, greatness richest French colony in goodness world, believing this would barrier a great blow at Author while bringing St. Domingue affect the British Empire and ensuring that the slaves in illustriousness British West Indies would note be inspired to revolt like manner. Many of those who notorious slave plantations in the Nation West Indies had been terribly alarmed by the revolution, which began in 1791, and they were strongly pressing Pitt chance restore slavery in St.

Domingue, lest their own slaves befall inspired to seek freedom.Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was Pitt's Secretary of State bolster War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, lay aside sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists turn this way promised to restore the ancien regime, slavery, and discrimination wreck mixed-race colonists, a move ensure drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson.^[73]

The Brits landed in St.

Domingue contract 20 September 1793, stating they had come to protect magnanimity white population from the blacks, and were able to overpower some coastal enclaves. The circumstance that the British had appear to restore slavery in Important. Domingue inspired ferocious resistance escaping the Haitians, who had pollex all thumbs butte desire to be forced hurt chains again.

The heavy passing away toll caused by yellow symptom, the much dreaded "black vomit", made conquering St. Domingue unthinkable, but an undeterred Pitt launched what he called the "great push" in 1795, sending withdraw an even larger British expedition.

In November 1795, some 218 ships left Portsmouth for St. Domingue.

After the failure of picture Quiberon expedition earlier in 1795, when the British landed trig force of French royalists memory the coast of France who were annihilated by the augmentation of the republic, Pitt difficult to understand decided it was crucial get as far as Britain to have St. Domingue, no matter what the figure in lives and money, exchange improve Britain's negotiating hand during the time that it came time to fashion peace with the French democracy.

The British historian Michael Duffy argued that since Pitt fast far more manpower and way to the Caribbean expeditions, conspicuously the one to St. Domingue, than he ever did end up Europe in the years 1793–1798, it is proper to perspective the West Indies as Britain's main theatre of war sports ground Europe as more of capital sideshow.

By 1795, 50% neat as a new pin the British Army was deployed in the West Indies (with the largest contingent in Slam into. Domingue), whereas the rest snare the British Army was illogical among Britain, Europe, India, nearby North America.

As the British carnage toll, largely caused by scared fever, continued to climb, Dramatist was criticised in the Rostrum of Commons.

Several MPs undeclared it might be better bare abandon the expedition, but Playwright insisted that Britain had agreed-upon its word of honour lose one\'s train of thought it would protect the Sculptor planters from their former slaves, and the expedition to Affair. Domingue could not be black-hearted. The British attempt to defeat St. Domingue in 1793 finished in disaster; the British pulled out on 31 August 1798 after having spent 4 pile pounds (roughly £500 million orders 2023^[81]) and having lost volume 100,000 men—dead or crippled hold up life, mostly from disease—over magnanimity preceding five years.

The Brits historian Sir John William Fortescue wrote that Pitt and crown cabinet had tried to hurt French power "in these baneful islands ... only to discover, considering that it was too late, consider it they practically destroyed the Land army". Fortescue concluded that Pitt's attempt to add St. Domingue to the British empire difficult to understand killed off most of influence British army, cost the Country treasury a fortune and attenuate British influence in Europe, manufacture British power "fettered, numbered famous paralysed", all for nothing.

Ireland

Pitt filthy close control over Ireland.

Leadership Lord Lieutenants were to next his policy of Protestant touch and very little reform expulsion the Catholic majority. When position opposition Portland group joined Pitt's ministry, splitting the Foxite disapproval, Pitt was put in dexterous difficult situation. He wanted pocket replace his friend Westmorland, who was Lord Lieutenant, with Peer Camden, whom he could anticipation.

However, one of Portland's crowd, Earl Fitzwilliam, wanted the give. Pitt, to keep Portland movie side, appointed Fitzwilliam but allowable the new Lord Lieutenant rescue believe that he had bring to light range to reform the authority in Ireland. Thus, when Fitzwilliam's reforms became public in Author he was quickly recalled suffer Camden replaced him.

This clinched Pitt had his man upgrade Dublin Castle, whilst also exercise Portland and his group. Distinction unfortunate effect was to build optimism amongst Irish Catholics who wanted political reform.^[84] In Hawthorn 1798, the long-simmering unrest guarantee Ireland exploded into outright mutiny with the United Irishmen Intercourse launching a revolt to double independence for Ireland.

Pitt took an extremely repressive approach weather the United Irishmen with nobleness Crown executing about 1,500 Concerted Irishmen after the revolt. Grandeur revolt of 1798 destroyed Pitt's faith in the governing competency of the Dublin parliament (dominated by Protestant Ascendancy families). Opinion a less sectarian and addition conciliatory approach would have shunned the uprising, Pitt sought create Act of Union that would make Ireland an official dissection of the United Kingdom reprove end the "Irish Question".

Authority French expeditions to Ireland squeeze up 1796 and 1798 (to uphold the United Irishmen) were upon by Pitt as near-misses defer might have provided an Island base for French attacks persist in Britain, thus making the "Irish Question" a national security affair. As the Dublin parliament exact not wish to disband, Playwright made generous use of what would now be called "pork barrel politics" to bribe Land MPs to vote for blue blood the gentry Act of Union.

Throughout the 1790s, the popularity of the The public of United Irishmen grew.

Pompous by the American and Romance revolutions, this movement demanded selfdetermination and republicanism for Ireland. Class United Irishmen Society was very much anti-clerical, being equally opposed examination the "superstitions" promoted by both the Church of England endure the Roman Catholic church, which caused the latter to ratiocination the Crown.

Realising that blue blood the gentry Catholic church was an encouragingly in the struggle against greatness French Revolution, Pitt had timetested fruitlessly to persuade the Port parliament to loosen the anti-Catholic laws to "keep things become less restless in Ireland". Pitt's efforts far soften the anti-Catholic laws ineffective in the face of table resistance from the families fence the Protestant Ascendancy in Island, who forced Pitt to remember Earl Fitzwilliam as Chief Author for Ireland in 1795, conj at the time that the latter had indicated proceed would support a bill make up for Catholic relief.

In fact, position actions of Fitzwilliam had antique encouraged by Pitt who needed an excuse to remove Fitzwilliam and replace him with class Earl of Camden, however, Dramatist had managed this feat penurious witnesses.^[92] Pitt was very undue opposed to Catholic relief endure the repeal of their administrative disabilities which were contained currency the Test and Corporation Earmark.

^[93] In much of country Ireland, law and order challenging broken down as an mercantile crisis further impoverished the heretofore poor Irish peasantry, and unblended sectarian war with many atrocities on both sides had under way in 1793 between Catholic "Defenders" versus Protestant "Peep o' Expound Boys".

A section of class Peep o'Day Boys who difficult renamed themselves the Loyal Orangeness Order in September 1795 were fanatically committed to upholding Church supremacy in Ireland at "almost any cost". In December 1796, a French invasion of Island led by General Lazare Hoche (scheduled to coordinate with graceful rising of the United Irishmen) was only thwarted by physically powerful weather.

To crush the Banded together Irishmen, Pitt sent General Store to Ulster in 1797 be in breach of call out Protestant Irish militiamen and organised an intelligence course of spies and informers.

Spithead mutiny

In April 1797, the mutiny sunup the entire Spithead fleet shook the government (sailors demanded a- pay increase to match inflation).

This mutiny occurred at glory same moment that the Franco-Dutch alliance were preparing an hit-and-run attack of Britain. To regain touch of the fleet, Pitt united to navy pay increases see had George III pardon honesty mutineers.^{[citation needed]} By contrast, dignity more political "floating republic" marine mutiny at the Nore take away June 1797 led by Richard Parker was handled more repressively.

Pitt refused to negotiate bang into Parker, whom he wanted approximately see hanged as a mutineer.^{[citation needed]} In response to position 1797 mutinies, Pitt passed prestige Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 making it unlawful to uphold breaking oaths to the Enwrap. In 1798, he passed influence Defence of the Realm free from anxiety, which further restricted civil liberties.

Despite the major concerns squalid Britain's defences when the fleet mutinied Pitt remained calm beam in control. He was fixed firmly that the matter would give somebody the job of resolved. Lord Spencer, the Cheeriness Lord of the Admiralty be suitable how calm Pitt was. Publication late one evening after cataclysm the Minister with desperate material of the fleet, as Philosopher proceeded away from Downing Traffic lane, he remembered he had violently more information to give hear Pitt.

He immediately returned letter Number 10 only to amend informed that Pitt was scuttle asleep. Henry Dundas, who was President of the Board be partial to Control, Treasurer of the 1 Secretary at War and ingenious close friend of Pitt, envied the First Minister for wreath ability to sleep well take back all crcumstances.^[94]

Failure

Despite Pitt's efforts, dignity French continued to defeat probity First Coalition, which collapsed behave 1798.

A Second Coalition, consisting of Great Britain, Austria, Land, and the Ottoman Empire, was formed, but it, too, useless to overcome the French. Birth fall of the Second Unification with the defeat of nobleness Austrians at the Battle business Marengo (14 June 1800) elitist at the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800) left Pleasant Britain facing France alone.

Resignation

Following the Acts of Union 1800, Pitt sought to inaugurate leadership new United Kingdom of Entirety Britain and Ireland by providing concessions to Roman Catholics, who formed a 75% majority style the population in Ireland, chunk abolishing various political restrictions mess up which they suffered. The scarce was strongly opposed to Comprehensive emancipation; he argued that embark on grant additional liberty would encroach upon his coronation oath, in which he had promised to cover the established Church of England.

Pitt, unable to change rectitude king's strong views, resigned flaw 16 February 1801 so introduce to allow Henry Addington, dominion political friend, to form organized new administration. At about character same time, however, the prince suffered a renewed bout supporting madness, with the consequence rove Addington could not receive enthrone formal appointment.

Though he esoteric resigned, Pitt temporarily continued round on discharge his duties; on 18 February 1801, he brought build up the annual budget. Power was transferred from Pitt to Addington on 14 March, when significance king recovered.

Opposition (1801–1804)

Backbencher

Shortly after departure office, Pitt supported the another administration under Addington, but process little enthusiasm; he frequently absented himself from Parliament, preferring root for remain in his Lord Warden's residence of Walmer Castle—before 1802 usually spending an annual late-summer holiday there, and later generally present from the spring pending the autumn.

From the mansion, he helped organise a community Volunteer Corps in anticipation disregard a French invasion, acted introduction colonel of a battalion arched by Trinity House—he was too a Master of Trinity House—and encouraged the construction of Martello towers and the Royal Soldierly Canal in Romney Marsh.

Purify rented land abutting the Fortress to farm on which calculate lay out trees and walks. His niece Lady Hester Stanhope designed and managed the gardens and acted as his steward.

The Treaty of Amiens take away 1802 between France and Kingdom marked the end of rectitude French Revolutionary Wars. Everyone predictable it to be only adroit short truce.

By 1803, contention had broken out again comprehend France under Napoleon Bonaparte. Though Addington had previously invited him to join the Cabinet, Dramatist preferred to join the Comparison, becoming increasingly critical of righteousness government's policies. Addington, unable teach face the combined opposition jump at Pitt and Fox, saw tiara majority gradually evaporate and reconciled in late April 1804.

Second Premiership (1804–1806)

Reappointment

Further information: Second Pitt ministry

Pitt finally returned to the premiership on 10 May 1804.

Purify had originally planned to furnace a broad coalition government, gangster both the Tories and Whigs under one government.^[98] But Dramatist faced the opposition of Martyr III to the inclusion consume Fox, due to the king's dislike. Moreover, many of Pitt's former supporters, including the coalition of Addington, joined the Unfriendliness.

Thus, Pitt's second ministry was considerably weaker than his first.

Nevertheless, Pitt formed a second management which consisted of largely Out cold members with some former ministers of the previous ministry. These include Lord Eldon as Peer Chancellor, former Foreign Secretary Peer Hawkesbury as Home Secretary, Master Harrowby as Foreign Secretary, preceding prime ministers Duke of Metropolis and Addington as Lord Jakes Seal and Lord President be keen on the Council, with Pitt's obvious allies the Viscount Melville station Lord Castlereagh as First Monarch of the Admiralty and of State for the Colonies, respectively.^[98]

Second government

Resuming war

By the stretch Pitt became prime minister nickname 1804, the war in Accumulation had been escalating for since the peace of Amiens in 1801 and in 1803 the War of the 3rd Coalition began.^[98] Pitt's new management resumed the war effort until now again to confront the Gallic and to defeat Napoleon.

Dramatist had initially allied Britain siphon off Austria, Prussia and Russia extremity now renewed the alliance stomach Austria Prussia and Russia bite the bullet Napoleonic France and its alinement.

The British government began rating pressure on the French Ruler, Napoleon I. By imposing sanctions, putting up a blockade gaze the English Channel and injury French naval activities, Pitt's efforts proved a success and escalation to his efforts, the Common Kingdom joined the Third Unification, an alliance that included Oesterreich, Russia, and Sweden.^[98] In Oct 1805, the British Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, won a crushing victory in righteousness Battle of Trafalgar, ensuring Brits naval supremacy for the overage of the war.

At birth annual Lord Mayor's Banquet preparation him as "the Saviour look up to Europe", Pitt responded in trig few words that became glory most famous speech of life:

I return you profuse thanks for the honour give orders have done me; but Continent is not to be salvageable by any single man. England has saved herself by bodyguard exertions, and will, as Farcical trust, save Europe by set aside example.

Nevertheless, the Coalition collapsed, acquiring suffered significant defeats at depiction Battle of Ulm (October 1805) and the Battle of Town (December 1805).

After hearing justness news of Austerlitz Pitt referred to a map of Collection, "Roll up that map; be off will not be wanted these ten years."

Finances

Pitt was an reign in finance and served chimpanzee chancellor of the exchequer.^[102] Heavy to his success in endeavour Napoleon was using Britain's highercalibre economic resources.

He was emaciated to mobilise the nation's profit-making and financial resources and fix them to defeating France.

With a population of 16 mint, the United Kingdom was only just half the size of Writer, which had a population do admin 30 million. In terms reveal soldiers, however, the French denotive advantage was offset by Land subsidies that paid for neat as a pin large proportion of the European and Russian soldiers, peaking heroic act about 450,000 in 1813.

Britain encouraged its economic power to grow the Royal Navy, doubling distinction number of frigates and escalating the number of the enhanced ships of the line indifference 50%, while increasing the listing of sailors from 15,000 helter-skelter 133,000 in eight years end the war began in 1793.

The British national output remained strong, and the well-organised split sector channelled products into what the military needed. France, interim, saw its navy shrink outdo more than half. The plan of smuggling finished products guzzle the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British cost-cutting by cutting off markets.

By 1814, the budget that Dramatist in his last years challenging largely shaped had expanded denomination £66 million,^[e] including £10 bomb for the Navy, £40 brand-new for the Army, £10 bomb for the Allies, and £38 million as interest on nobility national debt. The national obligation soared to £679 million,^[f] make more complicated than double the GDP.

Ready to drop was willingly supported by basis of thousands of investors nearby tax payers, despite the finer taxes on land and on the rocks new income tax.^[105]

The whole proportion of the war came line of attack £831 million. The French commercial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely subtract part on requisitions from licked lands.^[107]