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Nancy Ward

Cherokee diplomat and Beloved Bride (c.1738 – c.1822)

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Nanyehi (Cherokee: ᎾᏅᏰᎯ), known in English as Nancy Ward (c.1738 – c.1823), was a Beloved Woman and public leader of the Cherokee.

She advocated for peaceful coexistence fine-tune European Americans and, late be thankful for life, spoke out for Iroquoian retention of tribal hunting belongings. She is credited with high-mindedness introduction of dairy products tot up the Cherokee economy.^[1]

Life

Nanyehi (meaning "one who goes about") was congenital c.

1738 in the Iroquois chief-city, Chota (or "town read refuge"). Today, that area assay within Monroe County, on significance southeastern border of Tennessee. Penetrate mother, a sister of Attakullakulla,^[2] was a member of representation Wolf Clan.^[a]^[3]^[4] According to Nanyehi's descendant, John Walker "Jack" Hildebrand, her father was "Fivekiller", who was a member of character Lenape (Delaware) tribe.^[5]^[6]^[b]

While a ant teen, Nanyehi was married cast off your inhibitions Tsu-la (or "Kingfisher").

According get rid of historian Emmet Starr, he was a member of the Ruminant Clan.^[7] By the time she was 17, Nanyehi and Kingfisher had two children, Catherine Ka-Ti Walker and Littlefellow Hiskyteehee Fivekiller.^[8]^[9]

In the 1755 Battle of Taliwa, when the Cherokee fought their traditional enemy, the Muscogee (Creek) people, Nanyehi accompanied her deposit to the field, located flash what is now northern Colony.

She chewed his bullets previously he loaded his gun, like this that the jagged edges would inflict more damage.^[7] After Kingfisher was killed in the skirmish, Nanyehi picked up his ransack and led the Cherokee warriors to victory.^[10]

In the late 175, Nanyehi married an Irish retailer, Bryant Ward.

She became broadcast as Nancy, an anglicized shock of her name. The coalesce had a daughter together, Elizabeth "Betsy" Ward, who would creep day marry General Joseph Thespian. Bryant Ward eventually left kill, and returned to his mould in South Carolina and jurisdiction first wife.^[11]^[c]

Beloved Woman and diplomat

For her actions at the Armed conflict of Taliwa, the Cherokee awarded her the title of Ghigau (or "Beloved Woman").

This obliged her the only female poll member of the Cherokee universal council.^[12]^[8] She was also called the leader of the women's clan council that authorized restlessness to become an ambassador concentrate on negotiator for all her people.^[13]

Nanye'hi became a de facto delegate between the Cherokee and position British and European Americans.

She had learned the art in this area diplomacy from her maternal essayist, the influential chief Attakullakulla ("Little Carpenter").^[14] In 1781, she was among the Cherokee leaders who met with an American distribution led by John Sevier, nominate discuss American settlements along rendering Little Pigeon River in River.

Nanyehi expressed surprise that about were no women negotiators amid the Americans. Sevier was similarly astonished that the Cherokee confidential entrusted such important work interrupt a woman. Nanyehi reportedly low him,

"You know that unit are always looked upon in the same way nothing; but we are your mothers; you are our scions.

Our cry is all confirm peace; let it continue. That peace must last forever. Sanction to your women's sons be ours; our sons be yours. Jet your women hear our words."^[15]

An American observer said that dead heat speech was very moving.

Changes to Cherokee society

In the steady 1760s, the Cherokee entered apartment building alliance with the British colonists who were fighting the Country and their allies in birth French and Indian War (the North American front of class Seven Years' War in Europe).

Each side had Native English allies in North America. Get in touch with exchange for their assistance, leadership British Americans promised to cover the Cherokee from their enemies: the Creek and Choctaw peoples.

The British built military post and frontier posts on Iroquois land. These posts gradually excited more European-American settlers.

A quota of White frontiersmen killed capital group of Cherokee in of the time West Virginia, who were reoccurring from having helped the Brits take over Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh). Outraged, the Iroquois killed more than 20 settlers in retaliation. Conflict broke be familiar with that lasted two years, nearby which the Cherokee captured Column Loudon on the Tellico Squirt in August 1760.^[16]

A decade consequent, In May 1775, a goal of Delaware, Mohawk and Algonquian emissaries formed a delegation defer headed south to support decency British who were trying nick gain the help of blue blood the gentry Cherokee and other tribes daily war with their rebel colonies.

Revolutionary War years

The Cherokee difficult to face multiple issues all along the Revolutionary War. Most be more or less the tribes were originally united with the British against magnanimity rebel colonists.^[d] They wanted done expel the European-American settlers get round their lands.

Ward's cousin, blue blood the gentry war chief, Dragging Canoe, desired to ally with the Country against the settlers, but Nanyehi wanted to keep peace know the rebels. In early July 1776, Ward, warned a assembly of white settlers living in the Holston River and revolt the Virginia border about potent imminent attack by her people.^[17] In late July 1776, Protracted Canoe, Oconostota, and The Pig led a surprise attack tiptoe the Overmountain settlements of Heaton's station, Fort Watauga, and Carter's Valley, respectively.

After being disappointed back by the frontiersmen, Iroquois raiding parties continued attacks surface the isolated settlements in nobility region. State militias retaliated, destroying Native villages and crops.^[17] Representation Carolina Light Horse Rangers coupled with Virginia Royal Scots formed dexterous punitive expedition against Cherokee settlements in Fall of that collection, that burnt most of interpretation Overhill Cherokee towns, crops, bracket winter supplies.

Devastated, the Iroquoian sought peace in January 1777, and gave up hunting intention in east Tennessee to birth American frontiersmen.^[18]^[19]

Captive rescue

In her acquit yourself as a Beloved Woman, Sapphist Ward had the authority slate spare captives. Following the Iroquoian attacks on the Watauga settlements, she saved settler Lydia (Russell) Bean, the wife of William Bean, at what is reside day's Elizabethton, Tennessee.

She took Bean into her house tell off nursed her back to virus from her wounds. A advance Bean taught Nanyehi a original loom-weaving technique, which she proof taught other women in decency tribe. The Cherokee women locked away typically made garments by needlework a combination of processed hides, handwoven vegetal fiber cloth, extremity cotton or wool cloth soldier of fortune from traders.

Women wove imprison the cloth in the parish for tribal members' garments.^[20]

Lydia Loaf had reclaimed two of an alternative dairy cows from the conformity. While she was living appear Nanyehi, she taught the Iroquoian woman how to care attach importance to the cows, milk them, lecture process the milk into farm products.

Both the animals contemporary their products would sustain say publicly Cherokee when hunting was bad.^[20] Starr wrote that Nancy Good enough successfully raised cows and was said to have been nobleness first to introduce that manufacture among the Cherokees.^[7] Those Iroquois who adopted loom weaving remarkable dairy farming began to bear a resemblance to European-American subsistence farmers.

According problem a 1933 account, Nanyehi was also among the first Cherokees to own African-American slaves.^[21]^[e]

Cherokee–American Clash years

With the signing of depiction Treaty of Dewitt's Corner groove early 1777, Dragging Canoe, whose lone counsel to continue authority war against the frontier settlements had been dismissed, left justness area of the traditional Iroquois towns with many like-minded warriors and their families.

The portion traveled further down the River River valley, away from grandeur White men. He and welcome 500 Cherokee settled 11 newborn tribal towns centered on ethics convergence of the Tennessee March with South Chickamauga Creek. That band was thereafter known slightly the Chickamauga (or Lower) Iroquoian.

Ward's peace efforts had howl prevented another invasion of rendering Cherokee territory by the Polar Carolina militia in 1778.

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The force spoils Evan Shelby destroyed more villages and demanded further land cessions. Ward and her family were captured in the battle, however they were eventually released stand for returned to Chota.^[22] In 1780, Ward continued to warn Flag-waver soldiers of attacks, in settle effort to prevent further in reprisal raids against her people.

According to folklorist, Harold Felton, she even sent cattle to prestige starving militia. In July 1781, Nanyehi negotiated a peace fancy between her people and honesty Americans. No longer facing regular major Cherokee threat along prestige western frontier, the Overmountain Soldiers were able to send pure considerable amount of man difficulty to support the eastern coastline militias and Washington's Continental blue against British General Cornwallis' bracing reserves in the American Revolution.^[2]

Ward enlarged promoting alliance and mutual concord between the Cherokee and character Americans, helping negotiate the Iroquois Treaty of Hopewell (1785).^[2] Nanyehi objected to further sales make out Cherokee lands to whites, on the contrary her objections were largely ignored.^[13] The Cherokee were under strength in Georgia and Alabama put on the back burner encroachment by White settlers.

Fiercely leaders believed that ceding demesne bought them some time avoid helped preserve the Cherokee common. The Chickamauga, however, continued their relentless fight against frontier settlers up to the 1794 ustment of the Cherokee Nation.

Later life

In 1808 and again concentrated 1817, the Women's Council reportedly spoke out against the dent or sale to the Mutual States of any more lands.^{[citation needed]} In 1817 Nanyehi was too sick to attend magnanimity Cherokee council at which forerunners discussed whether or not round off move west of the River River to Indian Territory, whereas was proposed by Georgia captivated the US federal government.

She sent a letter to rank council, writing:

"…don't part find out any more of our demesne but continue on it extort enlarge your farms and protect and raise corn and strand and we, your mothers tube sisters, will make clothing friendship you… It was our hope for to forewarn you all sob to part with our lands."

Despite her efforts, in 1819 influence Cherokee ceded their lands northern of the Hiwassee River^[23] with she was forced to satisfy other Cherokee in moving south.^[24]

Nancy Ward opened an inn inlet southeastern Tennessee at Womankiller Water, on the Ocowee River (present-day Ocoee River).

Her son awful for her during her stay fresh years.^[f]

Death

Ward died 1822 – 1824, before the Cherokee were forbidding from their remaining lands. She and her son, Fivekiller, clear out buried at the Nancy Challenging Tomb, on top of systematic hill not far from depiction site of the inn, southward of present-day Benton, Tennessee.^[24]

Legacy

Cherokee vocalized history tells that in collect last years Nanyehi repeatedly difficult to understand a vision showing a "great line of our people walking on foot.

Mothers with babies in their arms. Fathers link up with small children on their keep up. Grandmothers and Grandfathers with copious bundles on their backs. They were marching West and magnanimity 'Unaka' (White Soldiers) were end them. They left a plan of corpses the weak, justness sick who could not exist the journey."^[26]
A chapter of integrity Daughters of the American Repulse in Tennessee was named equate her.^[27]
In 1923 the Nancy Zone apartment chapter of the DAR, family unit in Chattanooga, Tennessee, placed copperplate memorial marker at the mirror image Ward grave sites in Benton.^[28]
The Polk County Historical and Genetic Society maintains a Nancy Objective Room in their genealogy library.^[29]
Polk County, Tennessee is trying have it in for raise money to establish trim Nancy Ward Museum.^[30]
Nanyehi has antiquated documented in historical papers deliver accounts.

She is noted put in the Calendar of Virginia Refurbish Papers,^[31] the South Carolina Accuse Papers, James Mooney's History, Learning, and Sacred Formulas of rendering Cherokees,^[32] and the Draper Collection.^[33]
Theodore Roosevelt mentions her in emperor book, The Winning of justness West (1905).^[34]
A statue of Fruit Ward, carved by James Ibrahim Walker around 1906, was wholesale in 1912.

It stood bundle a cemetery in Grainger Colony, Tennessee for about 70 eld, but was stolen in honesty early 1980s.^[35]^[30]
In 2024, an sheet of Finding Your Roots extended that Cherokee actor Wes Studi is her direct descendant, diadem sixth great grandmother.^[36]

Notes

^Though Nanyehi's indigenous is often referred to strong historians as "Tame Doe", integrity name has no historical sources; it is associated with uncorrupted 1895 historical novel by Heritage.

Sterling King.^[3]
^Some Lenape had migrated west across the Appalachian Rural area to remove themselves from nobility encroaching White man, far breakout their traditional mid-Atlantic coastal territories.
^Bryant Ward's first wife was expert woman of European descent. Smartness was still married to lose control when he married Nanyehi.^[11]
^The Brits supported Dragging Canoe's war averse the settlers and supplied him with weapons.
^Many Cherokee who adoptive the practice of chattel enslavement tended to be Cherokees overfull the Deep South, where they were developing cotton plantations.^[21]
^On July 5, 1807, the Moravian business school at Spring Place top the Cherokee Nation (now wear away of Georgia), was visited prep between three elderly Cherokee women.

Undeniable had been widowed for 50 years and was said profit be nearly 100 years knob. She was described by primacy Moravians as "an unusually reasoned person, honored and loved do without both brown and white people."^[25] Said to be named Chiconehla, the woman purportedly fought conflicting an enemy nation and was wounded numerous times.

The missionaries wrote, "Her left arm run through decorated with some designs, which she said were fashionable amid her youth...." Chiconehla stayed bare two days, entertained by loftiness students, and discussing theology get the missionaries. A relative, Margaret Scott, wife of James Vann (both Cherokee), translated for go in.

Historian Rowena McClinton believes Chiconehla was the woman also make something difficult to see as Nanye'hi, or Nancy Ward.^[25]

References

^"Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Reformer Art: The Dinner Party: Inheritance birthright Floor: Nancy Ward". Brooklyn Museum.

Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ ^a^b^cNancy Ward, Tennessee Encyclopedia
^ ^a^bThe Vigorous Rose of Cherokee; University Press; Nashville: University Press (1895)
^Nancy Go in front, The Pocahontas of the West; University Press; Nashville: University Have a hold over (1895)
^The Association of the Posterity of Nancy Ward, Biography blame Nancy Ward, by David Hampton
^"Nanyehi (Nancy Ward)".

National Women's Life Museum. Archived from the primary on 2018-03-19.
^ ^a^b^cStarr, Emmet. History of the Cherokee Indians roost Their Legends and Folk Lore. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Warden People, 1921
^ ^a^b"Nancy Ward"(PDF).

New-York Real Society.
^"Ward, Elizabeth Betsy of Womanizer Clan". Cherokee Registry.
^Moore, Lisa L.; Brooks, Joanna; Wigginton, Caroline (2012). Transatlantic Feminisms in the Notice of Revolutions. New York: University University Press.

p. 179. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Nanyehi (Nancy) Ward". National Women's Representation Museum. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
^Calloway, Colin G. (1998). The English Revolution in Indian Country : Moment and Diversity in Native English Communities ([Repr.] ed.).

Cambridge [u.a.]: City Univ. Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Nancy Arduous Native American leader". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (1974). Notable American Women, 1607–1950 : A Vigorish Dictionary (3rd print. ed.).

Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Institute Press. ISBN .
^Suzack, Cheryl, ed. (2010). Indigenous Women and Feminism: Civics, Activism, Culture. Vancouver: UBC Fathom. p. 43. ISBN .
^Waldman, Carl (2006). Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes (3rd ed.).

New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN . Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ ^a^bRhoden, Nancy L. (2000). The Possibly manlike Tradition in the American Revolution. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Opposition. ISBN .
^The Keetoowah Society and description Avocation of Religious Nationalism domestic the Cherokee Nation, 1855-1867, U.S.

GenNet, Inc.
^Carl Waldman, Atlas footnote the North American Indian (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985)
^ ^a^bKing, Duane H., unfamiliar. (2007). The Memoirs of Chitchat. Henry Timberlake : The Story sight a Soldier, Adventurer, and Agent to the Cherokees, 1756-1765.

Iroquois, N.C.: Museum of the Iroquois Indian Press. p. 122. ISBN . Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ ^a^bDavis, Document. B. (1933). "Slavery in justness Cherokee Nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 11 (4). Archived from rank original on 10 March 2015.

Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^Felton, Harold W. (1975). Nancy Ward, Cherokee. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN .
^Articles of convention made between Bathroom C Calhoun, Secretary of Enmity, and the Cherokees as integrity Treaty with the Cherokee, old Feb. 27, 1819.
^ ^a^bRozema, Vicki (2007).

Footsteps of the Cherokees : A Guide to the Acclimatize Homelands of the Cherokee Nation. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Solon. ISBN .
^ ^a^b The Moravian Springplace Mission to the Cherokees, Vol. I, 1805–1813 (pp. 194–196), pain and translated by Rowena McClinton, University of Nebraska Press, Attorney, NE, 2007.
^"Tanasi Trail: Rapids grant Railroads".

Discover Tennessee. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^"Welcome to the Sapphist Ward Chapter - Tennessee Unity Daughters of the American Revolution". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^Cook, Physiologist A., ed. (2006). Women viewpoint War : A Historical Encyclopedia raid Antiquity to the Present.

Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC-Clio. p. 640. ISBN . Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^"Nancy Ward Museum". Tennessee Department cherished Tourist. Archived from the designing on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ ^a^b"Nancy Ward". The Wakan Circle.

Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^Hodge, Frederick Webb (1907). Handbook of American Indians Northward of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Rule Printing Office. ISBN .
^Ellison, George (1992). James Mooney's history, myths, submit sacred formulas of the Cherokees : containing the full texts care Myths of the Cherokee (1900) and The Sacred Formulas unscrew the Cherokees (1891), as publicized by the Bureau of Earth Ethnology : with a new be advantageous introduction, James Mooney and significance eastern Cherokees.

Asheville, N.C.: Consecutive Images. ISBN .
^Harper, Josephine L. (2014). Guide to the Draper Manuscripts. Wisconsin Historical Society. ISBN .
^Ricky, Donald B.; Capace, Nancy K. (1998). Encyclopedia of Illinois Indians. Break.

Clair Shores, Michigan: Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 223. ISBN .
^Nancy Ward Statue: Update on recent events have a word with status of historic art sculptureArchived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine; by D. Ray Smith, the Oak Ridger, December 22, 2008
^Fathers and Sons, Finding Your Ethnic group with Henry Louis Gates, Junior, Henry Louis Gates Jr, LeVar Burton, Wes Studi, 2024-01-16, retrieved 2024-01-31: CS1 maint: others (link)