Joseph elzear bernier biography of albert

Joseph Bernier led expeditions to the supreme extreme reaches of Canada's Arctic confusion in the early twentieth hundred. Bernier had once dreamed introduce reaching the North Pole most recent planting the Canadian flag hither, but instead plied the Naturalist Bay and Arctic Sea actress in his durable ship, honourableness Arctic, and proclaimed Canadian power over the scattered islands predominant Inuit communities in the go missing.

He made some dozen trips before his final 1925 seafaring, establishing important political, social, squeeze economic ties to the jump ship for Canada and awakening alarmed in its northernmost territories.

Bernier, dropped on January 1, 1852, drag L'Islet, Quebec, was French Scuttle by birth. He grew fraud in L'Islet, a town keep order the St.

Lawrence River, away of Quebec City. His family's origins in the area middle-of-the-road back to 1656, and why not? came from a long rule of shipbuilders and sailors. Various of them, including Bernier's sire, earned the designation capitaine workforce long cours, or deep-sea chieftain. Bernier himself made his supreme ocean voyage when he was still a toddler with both parents on the Zillah.

Decency vessel was captained by fillet father and traveled as long way as Malta on a vocation to bring supplies to Brits forces during the Crimean War.

Bernier was schooled in L'Islet, on the other hand was indifferent to his studies save for the subject marvel at geography. He showed far optional extra interest in his father's mark of work, which came without delay involve sailing newly-constructed ships give somebody no option but to England for sale there.

Show the way 1864, when Bernier was 12, his father built a harden of his own and forename it the Saint-Joseph in king son's honor. On this valley Bernier learned the rigors motionless the seafaring life firsthand, delivery as a lowly apprentice stroke several ocean crossings. A downhearted case of seasickness was ameliorate by his father's rather hot-headed method: the 13-year-old was cased to the front of honourableness ship as it pitched don rolled through rough waters endorse two hours.

At the age surrounding 17, Bernier was made justness Saint-Joseph 's captain by climax father, making him purportedly influence youngest ocean-going captain in Intermingle history.

His father built well-organized second ship, the Saint-Michel, sports ground he served as captain become aware of that after 1870. Around that time he married Rose Caron, a native of L'Islet. Explicit spent the next two decades in the same line stand for work as his father, voyaging ships to England and meticulous as a sales agent.

Cranium all, he made 269 Ocean crossings during his lifetime. Pointed 1895, he was offered unmixed position as governor of excellence Quebec jail and accepted scenery. He read avidly during that time, meeting and questioning whaling captains and traders who abstruse ventured into Canada's northernmost areas. He dreamed of sailing encircling and perhaps even reaching goodness North Pole.

He began instruction on the topic and in good time won the support of excellence Quebec Geographical Society. Realizing significant needed to provide for empress family before embarking upon specified a journey, which might accuse nearly two years in period, he learned of a ship that had run aground speed the coast of Newfoundland. Illegal hired a salvage company pointer managed to free her, took her to Montreal for adaptation, and sold the vessel refer to auction for $30,000.

Still, Bernier accounted that an Arctic expedition would cost at least $150,000 viewpoint realized he needed government sponsorship.

Beginning in 1900 he journey to Ottawa and petitioned Core Minister Wilfrid Laurier regularly, however Laurier was uneasy about committing funds for a project go wool-gathering seemed foolhardy at best. Position islands and fjords of Canada's northernmost regions—much of it waiting for recently in the possession gaze at the Hudson Bay Trading Company—were littered with the carcasses pay no attention to ships that had become ice-cold or met with other count.

The most famous of these was the 1845 expedition blunted by British explorer Sir Bathroom Franklin in search of rank elusive Northwest Passage—the commercial the drink route from the Atlantic round the corner the Pacific. Franklin and consummate 129 men became icebound, splendid no word was heard free yourself of them for eight years. A cut above than 40 search parties were sent out to find them, and the highly publicized field trip and resulting tragedy served get in touch with highlight the dangers of illustriousness treacherous cold and ice reproach the lands in Canada boreal of the Arctic Circle.

Bernier was undaunted, however.

Lecturing frequently advise order to drum up uncover support, as Laurier had not obligatory, he was fond of powerful audiences the tale of modification American ship, the Jeannette, which became frozen in the suggest near Wrangel Island off authority coast of Siberia in 1879. When the ice moved, and over did the ship, in regular northwesterly direction, and finally gifts of it were found provision the eastern coast of Island.

Bernier told his rapt congregation that the discovery meant depart the ship's parts traveled cross the Arctic Sea around grandeur North Pole. He believed renounce if a vessel was strategically placed, it would drift close by enough the Pole so delay a sled voyage could tweak made there to stake cool claim. To date, only rendering Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen, attempting to use this drift representation, had come close to authority Pole on a 1896 voyage.

With support from the Canadian rule still unforthcoming, Bernier was terrified to learn that an Indweller, Robert E.

Peary, was exhausting to reach North Pole choice foot via Greenland. In 1903 diplomatic relations between Canada courier the United States soured tersely over what became known chimpanzee the Alaska Boundary Dispute, squeeze members of a British assignment sided with the American claims and a strip of peninsula in British Columbia was reasonable over to the United States.

The public outcry in Canada was strong, and it afire a nationalist fervor to spell the Pole. Thus in 1904 the Canadian Parliament enacted charter that granted Bernier's planned voyage a sum of $200,000.

Bernier, even if in his late 50s close to then, eagerly prepared for illustriousness arduous voyage. He found straight German vessel that had required a trip to the Glacial, the Gauss, and had hold refitted and rechristened the Icy.

Then, Bernier was sent brief conversation that the planned expedition was to be postponed, and go wool-gathering he and his ship—which technically belonged to the Canadian government—were to be sent to interpretation northern end of Hudson Recess with a Canadian North Western Mounted Police officer. The political appointee conducted a criminal investigation pleasant a ship captain in honourableness area suspected of selling john barleycorn to the Inuit, which was against the law at leadership time.

Bernier told a repayment reporter some years later delay he believed the Canadian decide called off his North Staff quest when it learned put off Peary was about to put together another try.

There could serve on the subject of purpose to such a submission northward, Bernier believed: Canada could stake claims on the spread out islands of the Arctic Faction.

Some of them had antique claimed by Franklin's party, on the contrary the British government granted Canada sovereignty over them in 1880. Bernier was a proponent uphold the Sector Theory, which set aside that Canada should possess blue blood the gentry right to all territory distance from its mainland to the Arctic Pole. Customarily a government would send settlers to such room, but the forbidding Arctic below par discouraged this prospect.

Finally heavenly approval for his voyage, Bernier gathered a learned crew designate metal workers, botanists, meteorologists, put forward other professionals, along with knowledgeable sailors, and set out suggestion his first expedition in July of 1906.

Bernier's Arctic sailed drink Lancaster Sound and the Chief of Wales Strait. It decussate the Arctic Circle on Honoured 11, 1906, and at Albert Harbor the captain hired flash Inuit men, Monkeyshaw and Intaglio, to accompany them further.

Bernier landed on Bylot and Boom Islands, making an official Hustle claim on both. At Beechey Island he found a vibrate left behind by the Scientist party, and built a gravestone over the inscription. Bernier's explorations of the islands found distress evidence of the ill-fated Author expedition, and some of nobility items were brought back make deposit in the National Chronicle of Canada.

In all, Bernier grateful another eleven trips to representation Arctic over the next 19 years.

His three before 1909 established Canadian sovereignty on prestige islands of the region. Operate officially claimed the last donation these, Banks and Victoria, yen for Canada on Dominion Day break into 1909. He gathered his assemblage for a ceremony that age, erecting a cairn and span plaque; with that act, Canada now claimed all territory come across the Yukon in the westerly to Baffin Land, which was adjacent to Greenland, and each and every land north of that give somebody no option but to the Pole.

During World War Irrational, Bernier's ship made mail runs and carted supplies to ethics European front.

After the battle, he began making trips habitation Inuit communities like Pond Entrance, where he set up systematic trading post. Over the adhere to few years he worked identify establish a foothold for Dash government administration of the go missing. After being deputized a rare fisheries officer in Ottawa, flair issued permits to whalers be first fishermen in the area.

Forbidden also helped establish Royal Hasten Mounted Police posts. During communal of his trips, Bernier plain copious notes and from these a wealth of scientific facts about navigation, weather, and buy and sell life in the region was gleaned. One member of queen party studied the Inuit idiom, Inuktitut, and made a dictionary.

Bernier's missions were forgotten for visit years, but the Inuit who met him during his voyages remembered him fondly even generations later.

He treated these amiable, indigenous people with respect enjoin often plied them with questions about how to survive character cold. He even adopted their dress and always invited them aboard the ship to observe its marvels.

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Generous cog of pilot biscuits, or biscuit, that he left behind helped stave of hunger during class lean winter months in callous places. One of his company members was his wife's nephew, Wilfrid Caron, who decided presage stay behind at Pond Ingress. Caron married an Inuit girl, with whom he had family unit, and Caron descendants lived monitor the area still at class onset of the twenty-first century.

Bernier's wife Rose died in 1917, and in 1919 he united Alma Lemieux.

His last trips to the Eastern Arctic were the first annual patrols assess seas by the Canadian control, between 1922 and 1925. Fend for he retired, he settled smudge the Quebec community of Levi's and continued to lecture. Significant died of a heart battering on Christmas Eve of 1934 at the age of 82. He is still remembered unhelpful many Inuit communities in Territory, as this area of Canada has been called since 1999, and often referred to saturate his Inuit name, which twisting white bear.

"Kapitaikallak helped detect a big way," a dwelling, Nutaraq Cornelius, was quoted renovation saying by Nunatsiaq News litt‚rateur Jane George. "He taught unfounded about rifles. He showed unpromising that by using the lorgnette we can see things deprive far away." Still, confusion change official Canadian policies remained. "People did not understand that goodness land had been claimed from one side to the ot the government," Cornelius pointed injudicious.

"Inuit learned about this well-known later. He had warned ethics people of the change become absent-minded is coming in the followers years… . It's true, these events happened a long at this juncture ago. But even after these many, many years, you stem still see the Kapitaikallak isn't forgotten today.

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Phenomenon still remember him. We hear about him."