Henry cabot lodge sr biography of abraham

American statesman (1850–1924)

This being is about the U.S. mp Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924). Superfluous his grandson (1902–1985), see Speechifier Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Cartographer Lodge
Lodge in 1905
In office March 4, 1893 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William Pot-pourri. Butler
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
In office May 19, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office May 25, 1912 – May 30, 1912
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
In office March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1893
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
In office January 31, 1883 – 1884
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
In office January 7, 1880 – January 3, 1882
Preceded by	Daniel R. Pinkham[1] William Lyon[1]
Succeeded by	John Marlor[2]
Born	(1850-05-12)May 12, 1850 Beverly, Colony, U.S.
Died	November 9, 1924(1924-11-09) (aged 74) Cambridge, Colony, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Anna Cabot Mills Davis ​ ​ (m. 1871)​
Children	3, including George
Relatives
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, AM, PhD)
Signature

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924) was an American politician, student, lawyer, and statesman from Colony.

A member of the Democratic Party, he served in honourableness United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is unsurpassed known for his positions backside foreign policy. His successful expedition against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty regard Versailles ensured that the Pooled States never joined the Coalition of Nations and his pen conditions against that treaty, familiar collectively as the Lodge dubiosity, influenced the structure of greatness modern United Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received a handful of degrees from Harvard University tell off was a widely published historiographer.

His close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early importation 1884 and lasted their inclusive lifetimes, even surviving Roosevelt's dart from the Republican Party tension 1912.

As a representative, Cottage sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Cost of 1890, which sought communication protect the voting rights fence African Americans and introduce dexterous national secret ballot.

As uncut senator, Lodge took a hound active role in foreign custom, supporting the Spanish–American War, increase of American territory overseas, obscure American entry into World Armed conflict I. He also supported inmigration restrictions, becoming a member gaze at the Immigration Restriction League explode influencing the Immigration Act flaxen 1917.

After World War Hysterical, Lodge became Chairman of ethics Senate Committee on Foreign Kindred and the leader of position Senate Republicans. From that situate, he led the opposition delude Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was be acquainted with the requirement that all hand-outs repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers increase in intensity erode American sovereignty; those focus had a major role amount producing the veto power slow the United Nations Security Mother of parliaments.

Lodge remained in the Sen until his death in 1924.

Early life and education

Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts. Authority father was John Ellerton Linger of the Lodge family. Rulership mother was Anna Cabot, dexterous member of the Cabot family,^[5] through whom he was spruce up great-grandson of George Cabot.

Gatehouse was a Boston Brahmin. Why not? grew up on Boston's Indication Hill and spent part become aware of his childhood in Nahant, Colony, where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate prosperous gave testimony leading to glory arrest and conviction of class kidnappers.^[6] When the Civil Battle broke out in 1861, Lodge's father wanted to ride be accepted battle at the head fortify a cavalry regiment he difficult to understand personally put together, but coronet father missed the chance, perhaps due to a bad intersection from a riding injury, attend to in September 1862, Lodge's divine suddenly died.^[7] He was relation to the American polymathCharles Philosopher.

In 1872, he graduated plant Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, existing the Hasty Pudding Club. Exterior 1874, he graduated from University Law School, and was common to the bar in 1875, practicing at the Boston insist now known as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After traveling through Europe, Abide returned to Harvard, and, coop 1876, became one of depiction earliest recipients of a PhD in history from an Indweller university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published joist a compilation "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", alongside his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure" and Ernest Young on "The Anglo-Saxon Descent Law".

All three were secondary to by Henry Adams, who wilful "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge maintained a lifelong alliance with Adams.^[12]

As a popular registrar of the United States, Tarry focused on the early Politico Era. He published biographies have a hold over George Washington and the arresting Federalists Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Pol, and his great-grandfather George Cartographer, as well as A Thus History of the English Colonies in America.

In 1898, dirt published The Story of grandeur Revolution in serial form misrepresent Scribner's Magazine.

Lodge was designate a Fellow of the English Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.^[13] In 1881, yes was elected a member disregard the American Antiquarian Society.^[14] Crystal-clear was also a member snatch the Massachusetts Historical Society, beam served as its president strange 1915 to 1924.^[15] As much, Lodge penned a preface know The Education of Henry Adams (which had been written prep between Adams in 1905 and printed in a private edition superfluous family and friends) when that classic autobiography was posthumously promulgated by the Massachusetts Historical Touring company in September 1918.

Political career

In 1880–1882, Lodge served in distinction Massachusetts House of Representatives. Delay represented his home state suspend the United States House ingratiate yourself Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate stick up 1893 to 1924.^[16]

Along with fillet close friend Theodore Roosevelt, House was sympathetic to the dealings of the Mugwump faction time off the Republican Party.

Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine reprove protectionism in the 1884 plebiscite. Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was gain victory elected to the US Congress in 1892 and easily reelected time and again but empress greatest challenge came in culminate reelection bid in January 1911. The Democrats had made petty gains in Massachusetts and class Republicans were split between class progressive and conservative wings, recognize Lodge trying to mollify both sides.

In a major enunciation before the legislature voted, House took pride in his far ahead selfless service to the say. He emphasized that he difficult never engaged in corruption case self-dealing. He rarely campaigned skew his own behalf but these days he made his case, explaining his important roles in lay service reform, maintaining the treasure standard, expanding the Navy, flourishing policies for the Philippine Islands, and trying to restrict in-migration by illiterate Europeans, as toss as his support for run down progressive reforms.

Most of communal he appealed to party dependability. Lodge was reelected by quintuplet votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close flesh out Theodore Roosevelt for both symbolize their entire careers. However, Cabin was too conservative to refuse to give in to Roosevelt's attacks on the organisation in 1910, and his assemble for the initiative, referendum, discipline recall.

Lodge stood silent in the way that Roosevelt broke with the squaring off and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912. Lodge progressing for Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won honourableness election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In 1890, Lodge co-authored depiction Federal Elections Bill, along amputate Senator George Frisbie Hoar, saunter guaranteed federal protection for Continent American voting rights.

Although rendering proposed legislation was supported next to President Benjamin Harrison, the cost was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate.^[20]

In 1891, subside became a member of representation Massachusetts Society of the Successors of the American Revolution. Earth was assigned national membership back copy 4,901.

That same year, people the lynching of eleven Romance Americans in New Orleans, Cabin published an article blaming goodness victims and proposing new check on Italian immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support tend to voting rights did not elongate to women. He was clever leading opponent of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge did not change ruler position even after the secondary senator from Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost his seat in 1918 due to his opposition communication equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was clean up strong backer of U.S.

intercession in Cuba in 1898, enmity that it was the radical responsibility of the United States to do so:

Of blue blood the gentry sympathies of the American multitude, generous, liberty-loving, I have pollex all thumbs butte question. They are with dignity Cubans in their struggle financial assistance freedom. I believe our wind up would welcome any action be alongside the part of the In partnership States to put an come to a decision to the terrible state make a rough draft things existing there.

We receptacle stop it. We can put up with it peacefully. We can point it, in my judgment, give up pursuing proper diplomacy and contribution our good offices. Let department store once be understood that surprise mean to stop the threatening state of things in Island and it will be stopped-up. The great power of justness United States, if it practical once invoked and uplifted, attempt capable of greater things elude that.

Following American victory in significance Spanish–American War, Lodge came be required to represent the imperialist faction depict the Senate, those who christened for the annexation of authority Philippines.

Lodge maintained that say publicly United States needed to enjoy a strong navy and have on more involved in foreign tale. However, Lodge was never activate good terms with John Eats, who served as Secretary out-and-out State under McKinley and Author, 1898–1905. They had a hostile fight over the principle pay money for commercial reciprocity with Newfoundland.^[25]

In undiluted letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Chalet wrote, "Porto Rico is distant forgotten and we mean smash into have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a show the way proponent of immigration restrictions, be after a number of reasons.

Essential the late 19th and originally 20th centuries, significant numbers time off immigrants, primarily from Eastern stand for Southern Europe, were migrating bordering industrial centers in the Unified States. Lodge argued that unpractised foreign labor was undermining class standard of living for Earth workers, and that a far-reaching influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict lecturer national decline.

In a Haw 1891 article on Italian in-migration, Lodge expressed his concern mosey immigration by "the races who have peopled the United States" was declining, while "the inmigration of people removed from in doubt in race and blood" was on the rise.^[27] He reputed northern Italians superior candidates cherish immigration to southern Italians, shout only because they tended show accidentally be better educated, had out higher standard of living, stomach had a "higher capacity replace skilled work",^[28] but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration pacify sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was elegant supporter of "100% Americanism", a-okay common theme in the nativistic movement of the era.

Foundation an address to the Original England Society of Brooklyn fit in 1888, Lodge stated:

Let the whole number man honor and love righteousness land of his birth add-on the race from which prohibited springs and keep their retention green. It is a pharisaic and honorable duty. But hunting lodge us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, paramount so on, and all lay at somebody's door Americans ...

If a fellow is going to be undecorated American at all let him be so without any passing adjectives; and if he critique going to be something way, let him drop the signal American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, walk all races were equally herculean or worthy of being assimilated.

In The Great Peril assess Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote consider it "you can take a Hindoo and give him the uppermost education the world can bear ... but you cannot fabricate him an Englishman" and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On authority moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our record, our victories, and all bright and breezy future.

There is only twin way in which you buttonhole lower those qualities or mitigate those characteristics, and that job by breeding them out. Pretend a lower race mixes unwavering a higher in sufficient everywhere, history teaches us that magnanimity lower race will prevail.^[31]

As glory public voice of the In-migration Restriction League, Lodge argued fall to pieces support of literacy tests tail incoming immigrants.

The tests would be designed to exclude components of those races he considered "most alien to the entity of the American people".^[32] Type proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out style further entries, particularly persons go in for low education or skill, take care of more efficiently assimilate the big bucks who had already come.

Shake off 1907 to 1911, he served on the Dillingham Commission, swell joint congressional committee established assent to study the era's immigration regulations and make recommendations to Assembly based on its findings. Honourableness Commission's recommendations led to depiction Immigration Act of 1917.

World War I

Lodge was a dedicated advocate of entering World Battle I on the side human the Allied Powers, attacking Boss Woodrow Wilson for poor bellicose preparedness and accusing pacifists castigate undermining American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} Stand-up fight April 2, 1917, the short holiday that President Wilson urged Assembly to declare war, Lodge person in charge Alexander Bannwart, a pacifist section who wanted Lodge to ballot against the war, got crash into a fistfight in the U.S.

Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] nevertheless Lodge opted not to retain charges. Bannwart later sued Hang around to have the record corrected; initial news reports suggested digress Bannwart hit Lodge first, on the other hand Lodge acknowledged in settling nobleness lawsuit that he had blow Bannwart first.

This is goodness only known instance of systematic U.S. Senator attacking a constituent.^[34]

After the United States entered representation war, Lodge continued to down tools Wilson as hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as unworkable and weak. He contended put off Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and put-upon with harsh penalties so digress it could never again suit a threat to the set of scales of Europe.

However, apart break policy differences, even before say publicly end of Wilson's first impermanent and well before America's file into the Great War, House confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate harmonious in politics with the antagonism I feel toward Wilson."^[35] Pluck out January 1921, Lodge led blue blood the gentry deliberate obstruction of the corroboration of 10,000 presidential Wilson equipment to the War and Argosy Departments in the US Diet on the grounds that agreement of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the President Administration.^[36]

He served as chairman holiday the Senate Foreign Relations Conclave (1919–1924).

He also served in the same way chairman of the Senate Autonomous Conference from 1918 to 1924. His leadership of the Congress Republicans has led some command somebody to retrospectively call him the wing facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] Sooner than his term in office, elegance and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed for nobleness construction of a new 1

League of Nations

Main article: Abide Reservations

In 1919, as the private Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over honourableness Treaty of Versailles and honourableness Senate's ultimate rejection of distinction treaty.

Lodge wanted to include the League of Nations, on the contrary with amendments that would harbour American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed acquaintance the patriotism of American humans by objecting to what noteworthy saw as the weakening have a phobia about national sovereignty: "I have prized but one flag and Farcical can not share that religiosity and give affection to nobleness mongrel banner invented for unembellished league." Lodge was reluctant get through to involve the United States of the essence world affairs in anything overpowering than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if pointed fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other generosity, if you tangle her importance the intrigues of Europe, order around will destroy her power buy good, and endanger her too existence.

Leave her to walk freely through the centuries figure out come, as in the that have gone. Strong, charitable, and confident, she has detestably served mankind. Beware how paying attention trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of faultless liberty. For if we trip and fall, freedom and people everywhere will go down blessed ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated newborn political concerns; he strongly dislikable Wilson personally^[39] and was ardent to find an issue muddle up the Republican Party to prod on in the presidential free will of 1920.

Lodge's key outcry to the League of Altruism was Article X, which compulsory all signatory nations to repulse aggression of any kind granting ordered to do so do without the League. Lodge rejected young adult open-ended commitment that might let down the national security interests cut into the United States to grandeur demands of the League.

Dirt especially insisted that Congress obligated to approve interventions individually; the Committee could not, through treaty, one-sidedly agree to enter hypothetical conflicts. Despite Lodge hypocrital whining Unit composition X did not infringe answer the right of the Combined States to make war; Crumb X "...required [but did wail force] members to assist concert party other member nation in loftiness event of an invasion fallacy attack... In fact the object of Article X was limit maintain a Balance of arduousness (international relations) by preventing solitary nation from attacking another (i.e.

Germany attacking Belgium and Writer in 1914).

The Senate was divided into a "crazy-quilt" cue positions on the Versailles question.^[40] One block of Democrats forcefully supported the Treaty. A in a tick group of Democrats, in obliteration with President Wilson, supported excellence Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations.^[3] The largest faction, led by Lodge, comprised spruce majority of the Republicans.

They supported a Treaty with disbelieve, especially on Article X.^[41] Ultimately, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" opposed a concordat in any form.

It well-constructed possible to build a the better coalition, but impossible to formulate a two thirds coalition go was needed to pass efficient treaty.^[42] The closest the Become infected with came to passage was sound mid-November 1919, when Lodge obtain his Republicans formed a alliance with the pro-Treaty Democrats, with the addition of were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty hash up reservations, but Wilson rejected that compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest put off Wilson's stroke on September 25, 1919, had so altered potentate personality that he was not able to effectively negotiate with Cabin.

Cooper says the psychological baggage of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, essential his judgment was warped. ... Worse, his denial of unruliness and limitations was starting essay border on delusion."^[43]

The Treaty pay no attention to Versailles went into effect, on the contrary the United States did remote sign it and made split up peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The United States never married the League of Nations.^[3] Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with greater issues, but they debate nolens volens American membership would have completed much difference.^[44]

Lodge won out flash the long run; his disquiet were incorporated into the Merged Nations charter in 1945, become conscious Article X of the Coalition of Nations charter absent person in charge the U.S., as a castiron member of the United Humanity Security Council, given an complete veto.^[4]Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S.

Emissary to the United Nations cheat 1953 to 1960.

Obstruction have a high regard for Wilson's appointments

In January 1921, Dwell led the deliberate obstruction snare the confirmation of 10,000 attain President Wilson's appointments to loftiness War and Navy Departments deal the U.S. Senate on rendering grounds that confirmation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[45]

Washington Oceanic Conference

In 1922, President Warren Dim.

Harding appointed Lodge as pure delegate to the Washington Seafaring Conference (International Conference on ethics Limitation of Armaments), led be oblivious to Secretary of State Charles Archaeologist Hughes, and included Elihu Heart and Oscar Underwood. This was the first disarmament conference person of little consequence history and had a map of world peace through instrumentality reduction.

Attended by nine altruism, the United States, Japan, Husband, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgique, the Netherlands, and Portugal, goodness conference resulted in three elder treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Pact (more commonly known as class Washington Naval Treaty), and influence Nine-Power Treaty, as well monkey a number of smaller agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June 1922, he external the Lodge–Fish Resolution, to present American support for the Nation policy in Palestine per representation 1917 Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian Martyr E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one keep in good condition the best informed statesmen line of attack his time, he was uncorrupted excellent parliamentarian, and he shagged out to bear on foreign questions a mind that was win once razor sharp and destitute of much of the good cant that was so typical of the age.

... [Yet] Lodge never made the benefaction he should have made, by because of Lodge the supplier. He was opportunistic, selfish, resentful, condescending, supercilious, and could not at all resist calling his opponent's coon a dirty shovel. Small rarity that except for Roosevelt stream Root, most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him, and many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution defend many years.

His first tempo was in 1890, as straight Member of the House be more or less Representatives, and he served \'til his election as a assembly-woman in 1893. He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he acceptably in 1924. The other Regents considered Lodge to be undiluted "distinguished colleague, whose keen, practicable interest in the affairs exhaust the Institution led him chance place his broad knowledge advocate large experience at its let at all times."^[48]

Mount Lodge, along with named Boundary Peak 166, positioned on the Canada–United States lack of restrictions in the Saint Elias Outback was named in 1908 care for him in recognition of empress service as U.S.

Boundary Representative in 1903.^[49]

Lodge was depicted toddler Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's 1944 film Wilson, unblended biography of President Wilson.

Personal life

In 1871, he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, chick of Admiral Charles Henry Statesman.

They had three children:^[51]

On Nov 5, 1924, Lodge suffered span severe stroke while recovering entertain the hospital from surgery form gallstones.^[54] He died four times later at the age read 74.^[55] He was interred go to see the Mount Auburn Cemetery boil Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• 1877.

  Life and Letters of Martyr Cabot. Little, Brown.

• 1880. Ballads explode Lyrics, Selected and Arranged manage without Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin (1882 reissue contains a Preliminary by Lodge)
• 1881. A Short Story of the English Colonies put in America. Harper & Bros.
• 1882. Alexander Hamilton.

  Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).

• 1883. Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1887. Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• 1889. George Washington. (2 volumes). Publisher Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• 1891.

  Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).

• 1892. Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1895. Hero Tales from American History. With Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• 1898. The Story of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1899. The War With Spain.

  Harper & Brothers.

• 1902. A Fighting Frigate, direct Other Essays and Addresses. Physicist Scribner's Sons.
• 1906. A Frontier Inner-city and Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1909. Speeches and Addresses: 1884–1909. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1913. Early Memories.

  Physicist Scribner's Sons.

• 1915. The Democracy glimpse the Constitution, and Other Addresses and Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1917. War Addresses, 1915-1917. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1919. Address of Senator Henry Navigator Lodge of Massachusetts in Have of Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President penalty the United States, before rectitude Congress of the United States Sunday, February 9, 1919.

  General, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

• 1919. Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• 1921. The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses, Historical and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925. The Senate and loftiness League of Nations.

  Charles Scribner's Sons.

• 1925. Selections from the Proportionateness of Theodore Roosevelt and Speechmaker Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (2 vol.). With Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters backhand by Lodge

Book series edited building block Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References